放射影像资料的法医临床学同一认定14例分析

放射影像学在法医学中主要是应用X线、CT和MRI等技术方法,识别身体异物、判断有无损伤、推断损伤时间及损伤机制,同时还可以用于同一认定,特别是对于重大灾祸如空难、海难及刑事案件中肢解、碎尸、白骨化、高度腐败等无法辨认的尸体的认定。法医临床学鉴定实践中则会遇到需要对不同时期的放射影像资料进行同一认定的案例。本文就法医临床学鉴定实践中对放射影像学资料进行同一认定的报告,结合有关文献,探讨法医临床学中对放射影像学资料进行同一性鉴定的原则及注意事项。1材料和方法从1995年至2004年10年间四川华西法医学鉴定中心法医临…     

放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用

应用放射影像学进行同一认定是法医放射学重要的研究方向之一。本文通过阐述放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用范围、历史性回顾、可用于同一认定标志的类型、注意事项和今后发展方向，为进一步完善放射影像学在法医学同一认定中的应用提供参考。     

医学影像资料法医学同一认定30例分析

目的探讨医学影像资料法医学同一认定的鉴定原则、思路及方法。方法总结华西法医学鉴定中心1992—2012年受理的30例医学影像资料同一认定案例,对影像资料数量、种类,鉴定利用的识别点及其类型、间隔进行回顾性统计分析。结果胸部X线片为最常见的鉴定资料类型。利用的识别点共有33处、6种类型,包括：自身惟一性特征、骨骼自身结构的变异或发育畸形、疾病或退行性变、创伤后病理变化、医疗后果和正常形态的多处一致。结论影像资料常规审查是案件受理前提之一,同一认定时结合资料类型、投照部位及案情特点选择相应识别点,自身惟一性识别点最佳,多种类型识别点联合使用,识别点多处表现一致得出肯定结论者可应用于鉴定实践。     

头颅CT片同一认定研究

目的探寻头颅CT片同一认定的方法。方法分别计算同一被检查者不同次头颅CT片指标差值和不同被检查者头颅CT片指标差值,再应用二分类logistic回归分析相同被检查者和不同被检查者指标差值,建立头颅CT片同一认定回归方程。结果建立头颅CT片同一认定方程46个。结论通过头颅CT片测量可以进行有效同一认定。     

头颅CT片同一认定研究

目的探寻头颅CT片同一认定的方法。方法分别计算同一被检查者不同次头颅CT片指标差值和不同被检查者头颅CT片指标差值，再应用二分类logistic回归分析相同被检查者和不同被检查者指标差值，建立头颅CT片同一认定回归方程。结果建立头颅CT片同一认定方程46个。结论通过头颅CT片测量可以进行有效同一认定。     

X线头影侧位片同一认定指标的建立

目的探究口腔颌面X线头影侧位片的形态学分型,对识别指标进行数字编码,构建法医学同一认定体系。方法选取200例成年人口腔颌面的X线头影侧位片,通过SNA角、SNB角的相互关系及后面高与前面高比值,对颌面骨骼形态进行矢状向垂直向的综合分型,同时筛选出反映颌面特征的8个测量指标进行数字编码。结果依据矢状向、垂直向及8个测量指标构建的编码系统,其多样性较大,为99.5%。MP-FH和Y轴角的变异系数较大,同一认定价值较高。S-Ar-Go、Ar-Go-Me、MP-FH、1—-MP角、Y轴角、1—-SN角、1—-1—角各级别构成比间性别差异有统计学意义。结论利用头颅侧位片矢状向及垂直向分型并结合所选取的8项定量识别指标进行识别编码的方法,为法医同一认定提供了新思路。     

法医物证DNA结论采纳问题

法医物证是指与人体有关的生物物证，包括案发现场存留的血液。精液、阴道分泌液、乳液、唾液、鼻涕、尿液、羊水及瘢痕、毛发、指甲、骨骼和牙齿以及人体各种组织和碎块等。通过对上述检材进行生物学检测，可起到个体识别或同一认定的作用，法医物证DNA结论的采纳，是法庭科学的难点问题，     

胸骨三维重建片同一认定1例

放射影像学因其检查的客观性、无创性和易于保存的特性，在法医临床学中被广泛应用，通常用于判断有无损伤、损伤部位、推断损伤时间和损伤机制，同时还可用于同一认定。本文根据三维重建片中胸骨特征进行同一认定，报导如下。     

法医物证学DNA检验现状及展望

个体识别和亲子鉴定是法医物证学检验的主要内容，用于法医物证学的检验方法一般有两类：法医血清学检验和法医分子生物学检验。前者包括血清学、免疫学和生物化学的理论和方法，可用于红细胞血型（ABO、MN、Rh等）、红细胞酶型（PGMI、GLOI、DNaseI等）、血清蛋白型（HP、Gc、Pi等）和白细胞抗原（HLA）的检测。这些遗传学标志为蛋白质（包括糖蛋白）或多肽，容易失活而导致检材得不到理想的检验结果。此外，这些遗传标志均为基因编码的产物，多态信息含量（PIC）有限，不能反映DNA编码区的多态性，且这些遗传标志存在生理性、…     

法医精神病鉴定关键环节及认可评审要点

根据相关法规规定,司法鉴定机构必须通过实验室认可、检查机构认可,或者实验室资质认定,其中包括法医精神病鉴定机构。法医精神病的特性决定了该领域认可风险很高。通过对该领域的六个关键环节进行了识别,并在此基础上对法医精神病鉴定的四个认可评审重点要素进行了分析,以控制法医精神病鉴定机构认可风险、统一认可尺度,为司法鉴定机构认可试点的顺利推进提供参考资料和依据,进而促进我国法医精神病鉴定技术的进一步提升,确保司法公正和社会的和谐稳定。     

Assessing the quality of footwear marks recovered from simulated graves

Footwear marks are one of the most frequently encountered evidence types recovered from a crime scene and can provide valuable scene intelligence regarding potential suspects. It has been acknowledged that impressions of footwear and tools can be recovered from graves, but previous studies have only focused on tool mark recovery. This has led to a lack of published information regarding footwear mark recovery from graves. It is therefore important to demonstrate whether the recovery of footwear marks is feasible and, if so, under what conditions this can be achieved. To address recovery, this study, placed 60 three dimensional (3D) impressions of footwear marks within 60 simulated graves. This was done to assess time (1, 2, 4 months) and at known depths (20, 30, 40 cm). The footwear marks within the graves were covered with clothing or left uncovered. The shoe’s design patterns were grouped and counted in a photographic comparison between the 3D footwear impressions, placed within the test-pits, and any recovered impressions. A grading system was adapted by the authors to score the quality of footwear impressions observed during recovery. The results demonstrate that the preservation and recovery of footwear impressions from graves is feasible. The simulated graves covered with clothing showed better preservation of footwear impressions, but there was no clear evidence that time or depth had an effect. The authors note that careful consideration and vigilant excavation skills are needed when excavating graves which may bear potential footwear marks, as their recovery will lead to an increased amount of intelligence that can link suspects to homicide scenes.     

Printed artificial sweat as replacement for natural fingermarks: Qualitative and quantitative approach considering an amino acid reagent

The study presented in this paper aims at assessing how printed fingermarks can be used to generate realistic latent marks bearing varying quantities of materials to be detected. Considering dilution series of artificial sweat (eccrine secretion) and 1,2-indanedione/zinc as amino acid reagent, we assessed how printed marks behave in comparison to natural fingermarks provided by a set of 30 donors. The results were assessed in terms of relative intensity (contrast, luminescence) and expert grading (ridge details, overall quality). With regards to the set of 30 donors, this study brought a quantitative look to the influence of intra- and inter-variability on the relative intensity values observed when processing natural fingermarks. This provided new data to further understand the concept of “donorship”. With regards to the use of printed marks, it has been illustrated how dilution series of a concentrated solution allows covering a range of cases: unnatural marks (intensity values well above those obtained with donors), rich marks (corresponding to fingermarks left by good donors), and faint marks (associated with the kind of results observed with poor donors). Such a range of detection performance offers the possibility to generate fine-tuned detection exercises of varying difficulty levels. Printed items made of artificial sweat could hence constitute a valuable alternative to natural secretions in the context of education and proficiency testing.     

The effect of relative humidity on the effectiveness of the cyanoacrylate fuming process for fingermark development and on the microstructure of the developed marks

Research has been conducted to establish the effect that changes in relative humidity have on both the effectiveness of the cyanoacrylate fuming technique and the microstructures formed by the polymerisation reaction during the development of the marks. The study investigated 'natural' fingermarks and deliberately groomed eccrine and sebaceous marks, all exposed to relative humidity levels in the range 60-100%. It was found that the optimum level of relative humidity for the development of the most high quality marks is approximately 80%, in accord with current recommendations for operational implementation which are based on previous unpublished work. The eccrine constituents of the fingerprints are most influenced by humidity changes. Three humidity regimes were identified, each giving different polycyanoacrylate microstructures. Humidity levels of 60% give flat, film-like structures whereas in the range 70-90% the characteristic noodle-like structure is formed. At higher humidities, thin, flat thread-like growth is observed with some 'collapsed sphere' structures observed close to pores and significant background development. The noodle-like structures are thought to scatter more light and retain fluorescent dye better than the structures formed at other humidity levels. Sebaceous marks produce a very different polymer microstructure, resembling a flat film with some fine nodular structures.     

MMP-11多克隆抗体的制备及其法医学意义

目的制备兔抗人基质金属蛋白酶-11(MMP-11)多克隆抗体,建立用MMP-11抗体检测月经血的可行方法,探讨其法医学意义。方法将用基因工程制备的人MMP-11融合蛋白免疫新西兰白兔,饱和硫酸铵法进行抗体纯化。运用蛋白印迹法检测月经血痕、外周血痕、阴道液斑、精液斑、唾液斑和尿液斑,盲测验证该方法的可靠性。结果高效价的兔抗人MMP-11多克隆抗体检测月经血MMP-11蛋白的阳性率为90.48%(93/105),而外周血痕、精液斑、唾液斑、尿液斑和阴道液斑均未检出MMP-11。结论用自制的抗MMP-11多克隆抗体所建立的蛋白印迹法检测月经血中的MMP-11特异性好,灵敏有效,可用于月经血及外周血的鉴别。     

实验性病毒性心肌炎纤维连接蛋白的免疫组化研究

探索轻度病毒性心肌炎的法医病理学诊断方法。以适量coxsackieB3病毒感染Balb/c小鼠 ,造成小鼠轻度病毒性心肌炎 ,对病鼠的心肌进行纤维连接蛋白的LSAB免疫组化染色。结果发现 ,心肌炎鼠心肌组织内Fn大量沉积 ,部分心肌细胞内Fn阳性。Fn -LSAB染色可显示病毒性心肌炎轻度的心肌损害 ,Fn沉积是心肌组织存在炎症性病理变化的可靠标志之一。     

Visualisation by confocal microscopy of traces on bullets and cartridge cases

The capabilities of confocal scanning laser microscopy for the visualisation of marks on bullets and cartridge cases were investigated. Confocal microscopy provides solutions to important limitations of conventional comparison microscopy with grazing light incidence, as generally used for the examination of these marks. It is expected that confocal microscopy, thanks to its broad applicability within the field of firearms investigation and its capability of non-destructively gathering quantitative three-dimensional information, will lead to a more complete and objective forensic examination of bullets and cartridge cases.     

The application of TreadMatch scans to aid the process of footwear mark comparison

Currently in the UK, if a person is arrested or charged with a recordable offence, they can have prints of their footwear taken whilst in custody. The tread pattern recorded in these prints can be searched for using the National Footwear Database to find out if the same footwear pattern has been recovered at previous crime scenes, generating forensic intelligence.TreadMatch is a digitised system for collecting footwear prints seized from detainees in custody for this purpose. Whilst its use for generating intelligence is accepted, validation experiments have not been conducted to understand its level of performance in assisting in forensic comparison purposes for identification, because in the absence of an incorporated scale, it is not known how well TreadMatch reproduces the pattern size of a tread, threatening the validity of the comparison. If it can be determined that the measurements of TreadMatch scans are consistent with the more commonly used aluminium powder test marks, this could save Police time and resources if the digital scans could be used for preliminary assessment prior to the footwear being physically submitted for evidential comparison. Therefore, this study set out to compare three different types of TreadMatch scans (‘dynamic’, ‘zoomed’ and ‘rolled’) for thirty different pieces of footwear, with test marks of the same footwear using the traditional method (fingerprint powder). Length and width measurements were obtained from each tread pattern using GNU Image Manipulation Program software. The resulting data were analysed to assess for agreement between TreadMatch scans and test marks using 95% Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and 95% Bland-Altman plots of Limits of Agreement (LOA). Additionally, an intra-sample study using fifteen repeated measurements of the same piece of footwear for different TreadMatch scanning methods was carried out to support the larger validity study.95% ICC_3,1 resulted in coefficients ranging from 0.99 to 1.00 across all measurements. 95% LOA displayed close agreement. There was less agreement and more variation displayed between the test marks and the TreadMatch rolled scans for both length and width measurements. This variation for hand-rolled prints must be taken into consideration and a standard approach developed. The study suggests TreadMatch can be used for preliminary assessments in assisting forensic comparisons, particularly for dynamic and zoomed prints.     

Post-mortem forensic neuroimaging: correlation of MSCT and MRI findings with autopsy results

Multislice-computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly used for forensic purposes. Based on broad experience in clinical neuroimaging, post-mortem MSCT and MRI were performed in 57 forensic cases with the goal to evaluate the radiological methods concerning their usability for forensic head and brain examination. An experienced clinical radiologist evaluated the imaging data. The results were compared to the autopsy findings that served as the gold standard with regard to common forensic neurotrauma findings such as skull fractures, soft tissue lesions of the scalp, various forms of intracranial hemorrhage or signs of increased brain pressure. The sensitivity of the imaging methods ranged from 100% (e.g., heat-induced alterations, intracranial gas) to zero (e.g., mediobasal impression marks as a sign of increased brain pressure, plaques jaunes). The agreement between MRI and CT was 69%. The radiological methods prevalently failed in the detection of lesions smaller than 3mm of size, whereas they were generally satisfactory concerning the evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage. Due to its advanced 2D and 3D post-processing possibilities, CT in particular possessed certain advantages in comparison with autopsy with regard to forensic reconstruction. MRI showed forensically relevant findings not seen during autopsy in several cases. The partly limited sensitivity of imaging that was observed in this retrospective study was based on several factors: besides general technical limitations it became apparent that clinical radiologists require a sound basic forensic background in order to detect specific signs. Focused teaching sessions will be essential to improve the outcome in future examinations. On the other hand, the autopsy protocols should be further standardized to allow an exact comparison of imaging and autopsy data. In consideration of these facts, MRI and CT have the power to play an important role in future forensic neuropathological examination.     

Unusual chamber marks on plastic shells

Chamber marks alone can serve for identification. It has been observed that these marks are more clearly imprinted on plastic shells fired through homemade crude weapons. The importance of these marks is crucial when other conventional marks are absent. In the present communication, principles of identification are briefly discussed along with the factors affecting the conventional marks. One such actual case is cited.     

The irresponsible criminal in Norwegian medico-legal discourse

This article discusses discourses on criminal responsibility in Norway in the 19th and 20th centuries, in light of Michel Foucault's regimes of power and knowledge: the apparatuses of law, discipline and security. The passing of two criminal codes, in 1842 and 1902 marks a development from neo-classical law to a law influenced by positivist criminology. In these consecutive ways of thinking law, the figure of the irresponsible criminal constituted a contentious issue. From being a figure marking the limits of the law, the irresponsible criminal became an object to be disciplined and a security threat. This redefinition of criminal responsibility created or was created by new groups of experts speaking from positions increasingly close to the criminals. The most important professional group was of course the psychiatrists, that emerged in Norway as a distinct professional group in the second half of the 19th century, and whose influence in the legislative process culminated in the 1920s.