起点信任与过程信任:政府与社会组织合作治理的双阶逻辑北大核心

合作治理是政府与社会组织进行资源整合和优势互补的良好关系形态,实现合作治理需要以政府认同社会组织主体地位和合作治理系统的建立与维护为前提。合作与信任具有同构性,信任机制可以解读政府与社会组织合作治理的双阶逻辑。从起点信任和过程信任等不同信任阶段看,政府对社会组织低度信任的刻板印象在于政府制度供给能力的不足。这就要求政府必须实施制度供给侧改革,实现我国社会组织的发展和公共服务供给机制创新。     

国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的制度效率

习近平总书记提出的"四个全面"已经初显中国语境下国家治理现代化的基本轮廊,是中国在21世纪的全球背景下治国安邦的战略布局。国家治理体系是立足于中国社会现实的制度安排,推进国家治理体系现代化是新时期有效解决中国两对社会基本矛盾的制度创新。制度效率是推进国家治理现代化的关键,涉及国家治理的制度供给效率、制度执行效率和制度创新效率。强化制度效率是提升国家治理能力的现实路径,需要从制度的实践理性、整合效能、代理成本、决策效率和执行效能五个方面加以强化。     

治理现代化视域下国家制度能力探析

国家能力的集中体现就是一个国家的制度能力,中国叠加转型的社会发展际遇与现代化发展诉求迫切要求国家制度能力的提升。国家制度能力基于制度类型主要指制度构建能力、制度实施能力、制度更新能力、制度导向与选择能力等。国家制度能力提高既是现代国家成长的需要,又是当代中国社会的现实选择。制约国家制度能力提升包括利益结构、政府治理结构、政府组织及官僚体系、地方政府能力水平等因素,国家需要从转变治理理念、改变政府治理结构和治理模式、进行现代国家制度建设、提升执政党执政能力和水平等方面来夯实和提升国家制度能力。     

新时代提升农村基层党组织组织力质量的实践路径探析

党的组织建设是马克思主义政党本质属性的体现,严密组织体系、凝聚组织能力是党的全面领导的内在需要。在全面开启社会主义现代化强国建设的新征程中,作为政党结构与制度运行的重要基石,农村基层党组织领导下的乡村治理是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要保证,不断提升其组织力质量是实施乡村振兴战略的必然要求。然而,伴随社会风险的上升以及各种社会矛盾的日益凸显,农村基层党组织组织力建设的价值原则与实现农民美好生活的愿景之间出现了一定的偏离,也存在一些问题,这些对发挥组织凝聚力、巩固脱贫攻坚成果以及推进乡村全面振兴战略产生一定的负面影响。因此,需要以提升乡村治理效能为切入口,梳理乡村治理与农村基层党组织组织力建设的内在逻辑理路,聚焦政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力和社会号召力四个要素,以组织优势不断推动乡村振兴与治理创新。     

治理现代化进程中非营利组织的困境与政府的责任

实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的战略目标要求将国家治理与社会治理作为一个整体来认识。治理现代化进程中非营利组织与政府的关系在政策领域合作不断加强。其现实困境是:以政府的体制吸纳为基础而发展起来的社会治理主体系统,会造成社会的自组织能力下降;政府在社会治理领域的强势行为,很可能造成非营利组织和社会公众对未来预期的判断力和承受能力的下降;政府在社会治理中的绝对主导和领导,也会造成政府权力的无限扩张,对非营利组织造成挤压。实现国家治理层面的政府与社会治理层面的非营利组织有效合作,必须明确政府在社会治理中的角色和责任。其责任就是构建科学的社会治理体系,即构建社会信任机制、信息共享机制、公共对话机制、改革非营利组织的登记制度,真正实现政府治理和社会自我调节、居民自治良性互动。政府责任实现的公共政策是:构建非营利组织存在与发展的"四维"合法性政策,完善非营利组织运行与发展的资源获取政策。     

社会资本视野下的政府治理问题考量

国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,其实质就是要实现制度现代化,而实现制度现代化的关键在于政府治理模式的转变。社会资本与政府治理密切相关,促进那些嵌入社会结构之中的社会信任、互惠规范和公民参与网络等社会资本良性互动,有助于形成"自愿合作"的稳定社会均衡,并深刻影响政府治理绩效。培育现代社会资本,实现有效政府治理,需要突出治理导向性、法治优先性、治理公共性、治理基础性。     

供给侧结构性改革中政府监管制度创新的动力与路径北大核心

供给侧结构性改革归属政经法一体化改革范畴,是全面深化改革在"十三五"规划中的重要举措,关涉国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。政府监管制度改革和创新成为其中枢要和关键:促进民生改善和经济繁荣的政府简政放权是其核心动力,统一法治的市场经济活力和多元化的企业创新力是其重要动力,公众和社会智力的民主参与是其关键动力。简化政府社会管理机制、增强政府合作开放治理能力以及激发社会的人才与知识供给服务,是国家治理现代化中政府监管制度创新的重要路径。     

服务型政府的构建——农村基层政府"再造"

"现代国家"构建的视阈中,农村基层政府的产生是国家向农村社会汲取资源的历史性的需要,而现实中农村基层政府的存在合理性则来自于乡村社会对于公共产品和公共服务的需求,因此面临着合法性危机和治理能力问题的乡镇政府必须通过革命性变革的政府"再造"完成从"汲取型政府"向"服务型政府"模式的转变和功能的转换。而政府"再造"面临的主要困境是财政制度、行政管理体制、民意表达机制等方面的制度短缺或不足,因此制度的改革和创新成为必然选择。     

论网络空间治理体系与治理能力的现代性制度供给

在当代技术背景下,网络空间治理体系与治理能力现代化建设应该理性选择由现代性与技术二者相互建构而形成的现代性制度供给的路径。在理性选择制度主义路径的理论前提下,网络空间治理体系与治理能力现代性制度供给的逻辑在于遵循由网络空间的开放性、公共性与虚拟现实性共融共生的合规律性,而其所发挥的功能体现在社会动员与政治整合、利益分配以及维持政治和社会秩序稳定等方面。为此,应该科学定位网络空间治理体系与治理能力现代性制度供给的实践:就其过程而言,应不断提升网络空间治理体系与治理能力现代性制度供给的意愿和能力,并努力克服制度供给的滞后性和偏差性;就其供给质量而言,应努力将外在的制度约束转化为人们的内心服从和行动自觉;就其实际操作而言,应力求协调并平衡强制性制度供给与自发性制度供给、特定制度供给和散布性制度供给以及正式制度供给与非正式制度供给之间的关系,确保各类型的制度供给能够相宜相生、相辅相成、相得益彰,以增强制度的效能与效用。     

供给侧结构性改革视阈下国有企业完善现代企业制度的路径选择

国有企业是我们党和国家事业发展的重要物质基础和政治基础,是实现国家治理体系与治理能力现代化的重要力量,也自然成为供给侧结构改革的关键环节。适应于供给侧结构性改革的需要,国有企业要不断完善现代企业制度,通过健全混合所有制实现治理体系与治理能力现代化,通过高效监督机制,确保国有经济的运行效率,通过加强和改善党的领导,一直保持先进性,为社会提供更多的有效供给。     

2010年中国政治学研究综述

前些年,不少学者热衷于介绍和研究西方昙花一现的政治理论,自去年以来,这种追风的现象已经趋冷。2010年的政治学研究主要关注了国家理论、政党理论、政治思潮、民主问题、政治学学科和方法论。由此可以看出,中国的政治学研究进一步向传统的研究主题回归,进一步趋向理性。     

案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立

案卷排他性原则是现代听证制度的核心。我国目前的价格决策听证制度并没有确立案卷排他性原则,致使政府价格决策听证常常流于形式。案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立,不仅具有必要性.而且具有可行性。     

The Rise of Resilience in Education in Emergencies

ABSTRACT

This article explores how resilience as a concept is being increasingly mobilised within the Education in Emergencies (EiE) community. Using content and a close textual analysis, it identifies the concept's growth in prominence within key EiE documents arguing it has been employed to serve a range of different purposes. It contends, however, that dominant conceptualisations of resilience within the EiE community are reflective of a number of shifts around the problem, subjects and purposes of education provision in such conflict-affected contexts. This serves to limit the transformative potential of resilience, particularly in regards to contributing to positive peace.     

Performance of local councils in the collection of revenue in Bangladesh

Local councils in Bangladesh have been provided with several sources of revenue that can be utilized for the maintenance of the councils, as well as the initiation of developmental projects. The union and upazila level councils have fared miserably in collection of such revenue. An examination of twelve upazilas during 1986–90 demonstrates that their performance has been affected by a lack of administrative support for the task, a dearth of adequate knowledge and skills on the part of local leaders and a failure to plan carefully on the part of the government. The Ordinances through which they have been established did not identify realistic sources of revenue nor did they provide guidelines on their utilization. Consequently, collection of revenue is done in an arbitrary and disorganized manner. It is recommended that adequate and appropriate administrative structures are developed and that proper training is provided to enhance the knowledge and skills of local leaders and to enable the councils to perform the task of revenue collection efficiently. Some suggestions are presented to utilize properly the market facilities, which appear to be highly potent sources for the generation of revenue.     

Problems of co-ordination in upazila administration in Bangladesh

The present government of Bangladesh has extensively reformed the administrative system and upgraded the previous thana to upazila (sub-district) to serve as the focal point of development administration. A new tier of local government called Upazila Parishad (UZP) has been created and a large number of functions have been devolved to this institution along with the placement of central government employees at its disposal. The reformers argue that the present system will remove the inadequacies of the previous administrative system and will bring about an improvement in the co-ordination of field services at the upazila level. However, the actual situation represents a totally different picture. The desired integration— both vertical and horizontal—and co-ordination in local level planning is non-existent due to the absence of any clear direction from the central government. Proper co-ordination among the field services in the upazila administration does not exist due to the anomalous relation between the upazila and the national government, including excessive central control; the involvement of multiple agencies of the central government in guiding and supervising; ambiguity in government thinking; the absence of clarification from the ministries concerned and agencies on the timing of different development programmes; and conflict over the allocation of resources. There is also conflict between the different tiers of local government in respect of authority and resources. Relations between public representatives and officials at the upazila level are strained because a clear allocation of authority to political executives is lacking; areas for co-operation among different agencies have not been clarified; and public representatives and government officials lack mutual respect.     

中国政府全面质量管理系统的构建

全面质量管理是一门内涵丰富的管理哲学、管理思想,同时也是一种有效的管理技术和管理工具,全面质量管理在企业中的应用取得了重大成效,西方国家将全面质量管理应用于政府部门同样取得了明显的效果.中国同样具有推行政府全面质量管理的基础条件,通过开展政府全面质量管理的基础性工作,树立"顾客导向",建构政府内部持续改进机制,建立政府全面质量管理质量保证体系,将全面质量管理的管理理念和管理方法引入中国政府部门.构建中国政府全面质量管理系统,从而提高政府工作绩效和公众的满意度.     

An analysis of mechanisms used by CSOs in the promotion of community participation in governance in Kenya

Civil society organizations (CSOs) are often perceived to provide the magic bullet to complex societal problems including alternative approaches that ensure good governance. Fresh new research is therefore needed due to the prevailing paradox of escalating governance challenges in Kenya despite CSOs efforts to address the same. This paper specifically seeks to understand mechanisms that CSOs use as they seek to intervene in governance issues in Kenya. It links persistent poor governance happening at the counties to inadequate mechanisms used by CSOs. It argues that CSOs have not been bold enough to confront poor governance but, instead, have used superficial mechanisms with little outcomes. They have particularly focused on providing trainings and creating awareness and have shied away from more direct engagement with poor governance such as monitoring utilization of public funds. The study methodology involved a survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth face to face interviews. The tools used included a survey questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and In-depth Interview guide. Among the recommendations are that CSOs need to go beyond creating awareness and trainings and engage with governance issues more directly using well-tried mechanisms.     

The Reform of the Local Administration in Spain in Terms of Population

Spanish Local Corporations are playing an increasingly important role in the provision of public services without reducing their function of consolidation and structuring of the current sociopolitical system. This reality implies an increase in their need of financial funds without new compensation resources. Also, there is a certain tendency to loose population in many counties along with a greater organic and territorial dispersion that accelerates their financial weakening. This makes necessary to find management alternatives ensuring the appropriate provision of local public services and thus the Local Corporation reform becomes an alternative. In this context, the present paper approaches the analysis and the results based upon a territorial balance criterion on the population and its distribution, aiming ultimately to design an indicator able to measure the need of the Spanish local government structure according to its population and the size of its municipalities. This indicator might measure the regional impact to any variation both in the distribution of its population and in the number of municipalities.     

全球化背景下经典文化教育的价值取向

全球化对我国教育的冲击是深刻的,经典文化教育是应对挑战所必需的选择之一。经典文化具有时代性、开放性和包容性,对成就一个人以及提高整个国民素质都有重要的意义与价值。经典文化教育在学校教育应有所作为。     

工科院校英汉双语教学中英语运用度

文中通过＂英语运用度＂这一指标对双语教学模式进行了划分,通过对在工科院校双语教学中的实际教学效果对比研究,对制约双语教学中英语应用度的各项因素进行了详细研究分析,阐述了工科教学时开展双语教学工作应解决的重要问题和解决问题的措施,并给出了＂英语运用度＂的最佳取值范围。