霸权·制度·战略——读《霸权之翼:美国国际制度战略》

二战结束,特别是冷战结束以来,美国在世界权力结构的优势地位更加明显,美国霸权的神奇性色彩愈发突出.然而,对于美国霸权在世界政治转型中所出现的新变化,已有的霸权理论模式("霸权稳定论"、"霸权周期理论"、"霸权转移论"等)未能做出迅速而有效的解释,国际关系学界有必要对此而为之.中央党校国际战略研究所门洪华博士新近完成的<霸权之翼:美国国际制度战略>(以下简称<霸权之翼>)一书,[1]就是上述有益探索中的一种尝试.     

Grand Strategy of ‘Restrainment’

With the end of the Cold War, the subsequent global war on terror, the global economic recession, and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, one would think that the United States would have formulated a grand strategy for dealing with these problems. This, however, is not the case. This article advances a grand strategy of “restrainment,” as a guiding concept for our approach to international politics. It builds from the principle that U.S. policy must seek to restrain—individually and collectively—those forces, ideas, and movements in international politics that create instability, crises, and war.     

关于美国大战略的框架性分析

本文从安全与对外能力、政治意愿、战略目标等层面着眼 ,力图建立评估大战略的理论框架 ,并据此剖析以单极霸权为核心的美国大战略。作者指出 ,任何大战略的成功 ,都有赖于战略目标与战略手段之间的平衡。且不论当前美国大战略的目标何其宏大、意愿何其强烈 ,实力不足将是美国单极霸权战略目标得以实现的最大障碍     

Stability and Change in U.S. Grand Strategy

Since the Global War on Terror (more recently termed the Long War) emerged as the centerpiece of U.S. grand strategy in 2001, the post–Cold War U.S. debate has narrowed significantly. Essentially three alternative strategies now compete for pride of place. Two are variants of a “primacy” strategy; one is a variant of “restraint,” sometimes termed “offshore balancing.” All three strategies take globalization as a given and as a positive development. None specifically connects U.S. military power to globalization. To the extent that globalization can be argued to have negative consequences, restraint offers a different remedy than either version of primacy. This article offers a brief characterization of globalization and speculates on its positive and negative results. The three grand strategies that remain visible in the U.S. public policy debate, and their suggested remedies, are then discussed. Finally, the U.S. military strengths and weaknesses are evaluated in order to gauge which strategy's remedies are most feasible.     

U.S. Strategy in a Transitioning Middle East: Reviving ‘State Responsibility’

In light of the uncertainty surrounding the Middle East stemming from the Arab Awakening, and the inability of Washington to shape the process of transition, U.S. decision- makers must rethink their strategy for the region in general and for counterterrorism in particular. Reducing U.S. involvement in the region and letting the dust settle will serve American interests better and allow for building healthier relations with Middle Eastern countries. At the same time, since the risk of negative effects on neighboring states that accompany transition must be kept in check, the United States, together with other powers, should lead the international community in reviving the principle of “state responsibility” as a productive way to reduce spillover of conflicts and even provide incentives for actors in the region to limit violence.     

美国国家安全战略综述

美国国家安全战略是其防务政策和外交政策的总和。尽管在冷战的相当长时间内美国没有正式的国家安全战略文件,但我们仍然可以从美国的防务政策和外交政策的变化中看出其国家安全战略的概貌。1986年,美国会通过《戈德尔特——尼科尔斯国防部改组法》之后,美总统每年向国会提交一份综合性的国家安全战略报告。由此,研究和了解美国国家安全战略有了更加可靠和完整的依据。     

美国霸权异化现象耐人寻味

“9·11事件”是冷战结束后最具标志性的事件。值此“9·11”五周年之际,《现代国际关系》编辑部举办了“‘9·11’以来国际形势变化与中国外交”专题研讨会,邀请在京二十余位国际问题专家就五年来的国际形势变化、反恐形势、当前国际体系中的深层矛盾、大国关系的调整、国际格局的演变趋势、美国反恐的得与失、美国国际地位及实力的升与降、中国国际地位与国际战略等问题进行了深入分析和探讨。现将与会专家学者的主要观点辑录刊发,以期对读者把握国际战略形势及理解中国对外战略有所裨益。     

“美利坚帝国”论与美国的大战略

“美利坚帝国”论是在新的历史条件下 ,以较过去更直言不讳、更不加掩饰的形式出现的美国支配全球论。它是当今世界力量对比状况的一种突出的反映。 2 1世纪初的美国 ,正在形成新的大战略。不管以何名之 ,也不管其制定者是否使用了“帝国”一词 ,这一战略的宗旨正在于支配世界和改造世界 ,造就和保证一个君临天下式的“美利坚帝国” ,使 2 1世纪成为又一个“美国世纪”。     

美国霸权与国际秩序

20世纪是美国霸权的时代,其间三次国际秩序建设的诉求都是与美国霸权目标直接相关的.伍德罗·威尔逊的世界秩序设计和霸权目标是奠基性的,制定了20世纪美国的外交政策议程及其霸权方式.富兰克林·罗斯福接过其世界秩序的火炬,促成了联合国的创立,以此为基础的国际制度体系,将美国推上了西方世界霸权的宝座.冷战结束以来,尤其是乔治·W·布什遵循具有帝国特征的单极秩序逻辑,体现了美国大战略的转轨.鉴于多边国际制度作为建构未来秩序的基本原则越来越成为国际社会的共识,美国当前的单边主义战略难以奏效.     

U.S. Grand Strategy Following the George W. Bush Presidency

Debates over U.S. grand strategy have devoted a disproportionate level of attention to the War on Terror itself rather than the evolving strategic environment. Challenges including an impending shift in the balance of power, structural deficits, and divided public opinion will significantly impact the policy options available to government leaders, but they have not been adequately addressed. This article analyzes the options available for U.S. grand strategy following the George W. Bush presidency by relating key U.S. national interests with domestic and international policy constraints on the horizon. The analysis concludes that the United States must adopt a defensive grand strategy to rebuild popular consensus, to prevent further strain on the military, and to consolidate its gains in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, this strategy will require flexible coalitions, not formal international organizations, because of a significant divergence of security interests and capabilities with its European allies.     

2005年美国安全战略调整与对华军事关系

布什第二任期以来,在国家安全战略上不断推出新的举措,力图进一步扩大战略优势和进行地缘战略扩张。在对华军事关系上,美采取了一系列对华军事交往的新措施,增进两国军事上的沟通与交流。但两军关系的发展水平仍属低层次的,短期内难有突破性发展。     

美国对外投资收益与经济霸权

美国国际贸易逆差已持续30多年,对外投资收益和向外国投资者发行政府债券是美国支付贸易逆差的主要手段,美国商务部近期发布的2007年美国国际收支数据进一步证实了这一点.造成这一现象的根本原因在于美国在世界经济体系中拥有经济霸权.美国综合运用政治实力、贸易逆差战略及对美元汇率的掌控,获得了非对等收益.     

Coercive/Institutional Hegemony and U.S. Status

Since the end of the Cold War, the world structure and America‘s status in the world have become important topics in international relations. There have appeared three views about U.S. status in the postCold War years. The first view is that a unilateral system has been established, and the United States is the only pole dominating the international system.……     

9·11事件后美国外交安全战略走向

9·11事件后,美国外交安全战略指导思想、外交布局与地缘战略有很大变化,主要是:把彻底消除恐怖主义对美国的威胁作为外交、安全政策的首要目标,并据此重新划定敌我友;重新审视世界政治、经济、金融、贸易、文化、民族、宗教等问题;更积极地追求绝对安全和单极统治;相对降低欧洲的中心地位,暂缓向亚太地区进行军事转移;把应对伊斯兰极端主义意识形态挑战,作为对外安全政策的核心;建立和巩固反恐国际联盟.     

美国新政府亚太安全战略趋势

美国新政府上台后的亚太安全战略关系到中国国家安全.对美国来说,亚太今天的重要性没有变,美国在该地区的国家利益没有变,亚太地区对美国的挑战没有变,因此,美国新政府的亚太安全战略基本框架将保持不变,但同时也将对上届政府的战略进行调整.美国新亚太安全战略的思路是以实力和国家利益为基本原则,以威慑和反应为主要特点,以加强同盟关系为主要支柱,以中国是战略竞争对手为理论起点,将中国视为美国亚太安全战略的防御重点.     

2006年《美国国家安全战略报告》评析

2006年版《美国国家安全战略报告》在2002年《报告》的基础上,涵盖了反恐、防扩散、大国关系、能源安全、地区冲突等多方面内容,对美当前所处的战略环境、所追求的战略目标,以及与之相匹配的战略手段都有更为全面而清晰的界定。该《报告》凸显美决策层深层次战略思考,反映了美全球战略调整新动向,包括对反恐战争的认识更趋系统化、强调推进“民主”的有效性、主张综合性使用战略手段、更重视全球化条件下的“新威胁”。此外,《报告》还勾画出美对华政策新特点,“负责任的利害相关者”、“两面下注”已成为美对华政策的重要内涵。     

金融危机与美国经济霸权:历史与政治的解读

对于当前金融危机的成因及其对美国经济霸权的影响,国际、国内意见纷呈.本文试图以历史和政治视角,从解剖实力与霸权这对概念入手,分析美经济霸权的现状和前景.文章从时空条件、发展空间、国际信誉、支配渠道、军事拉动等五方面进行论证,认为此次金融危机是冷战后美各种矛盾累积并发的结果,美经济霸权陷入某种结构性衰弱.但因其经济实力尤其是综合国力依然强劲,断言美从此走向衰落还为时尚早,美未来命运很大程度上取决于奥巴马变革.     

U.S. Engagement in East Asia: A Case for ‘Track Two’ Diplomacy

As the Bush presidency draws to a close, the foreign policy community is taking stock of contemporary U.S.-Northeast Asian relations, assessing the challenges and opportunities that are likely to confront the next administration. China presents both in abundance, as reflected in ongoing tensions and misunderstandings in the Sino-American bilateral relationship. This article assesses the prospects for Washington to improve its relations with China through the mechanism of “track two” diplomacy. First, we expand on the track two concept by examining its main components and functions with illustrative examples. We extend the existing conceptualization of track two beyond its traditional conflict resolution functions and develop an account of it as a mechanism for policy coordination and the reorientation of regional dynamics from conflict to cooperation. Second, we identify major areas of U.S. interest in Northeast Asia and show how track two diplomacy might usefully be pursued within these contexts. Our analysis culminates with recommendations on how the Unites States should apply track two strategies in its relations with China.