海明威作品中的存在主义思想——兼论海明威的人生哲学

在二十世纪世界文学里,海明威可能是一个最有争议的作家。他既“拥有那么多忠实的仰慕者,同时又拥有那么多猛烈的抨击者”。尽管对海明威评论浩如烟海,但有一个十分重要的问题还没有引起足够的注意,那就是海明威作品中的存在主义思想。作为一种哲学思潮,存在主义是在第一次世界大战后兴起的。它是一种资产阶级唯心主     

飘荡在虚无中的自由--萨特《存在与虚无》一书中的自由理论评析

走入一个哲学家和思想家的精神世界是一件非常不容易,有时会很痛苦,甚至是不可能的。而要想走入其精神世界,首先要读懂其文章著述;但读懂其文章著述又谈何容易?作为存在主义的代表人物,萨特早就为我国的学者所熟知,但真正读懂了其著述的人恐怕寥寥无几,这或许也正是萨特所以能成为思想家的原因之一。作为一个法律实务工作者,潘志恒律师此文,通过对萨特代表作《存在与虚无》的潜心研读和用心追踪,通过对“虚无”、“否定”、“选择”和“超越”的分析解读,对他认为是萨特存在主义精髓的“自由”的“存在”作出了个人的评价,同时也将其本人解读的“存在”的“自由”作了阐发。其所用功力显见于存在之中,其所作立论亦飘荡于自由之中。是虚无抑或存在,是选择抑或超越,读者自可断之。本刊荐之以乐见。     

存在主义是与马克思主义对立的思潮

存在主义是现代西方一个重要的资产阶级哲学流派。存在主义不但与马克思主义哲学根本对立,而且同资产阶级上升时期曾经起过进步作用的哲学也很不同。它在本体论上认为个人的存在才是“真实的存在”,离开了个人存在,世界就是一片混浊和虚无,否认人要受客体、社会和自然的制约,是一种主见唯心主义。在认识     

为了迷惘的心灵——记上海市浦东新区检察院未成年人刑事检察处

为了流泪的母亲不再流泪,为了迷惘的心灵不再迷惘,他们在“未检”这个特殊领域里辛勤地探索和耕耘。     

存在主义法学简介

存在主义法学是西方二次大战后兴起的、建立在存在主义哲学基础上的资产阶级法学流派。所谓存在主义哲学,是帝国主义时期资产阶级和小资产阶级对于人的“存在”的危机感的产物。它的基本倾向是主观主义和非理性主义。它所研究的对象是抽象的的非超阶级的人的价值。存在主义者声称,人生没有目的和意义,人的存在是偶然的和荒谬的。这种哲学反映出帝国主义时期资产阶级     

认真地对待学者——闲话学者与最近的民法草案

最近的民法草案让学者们在希望之中迎来了失望。民法草案以一种“惊人的方式”提交即将换届的九届全国人大常委会审议 ,反映了学者与立法者在对中国民法的现状、特质和定位的认识上 ,存在着较大的分歧。面对目前的民法草案 ,学者们应当保持学术独立 ,甚至推进一种“自由法典化运动”。     

认识的主体性与客观真理

认识的主体性与人的自由属性紧密相关,主体性是个体自由力量展开的形式和结果。主体自由的合理性规范的缺失引致认识上的主观主义和相对主义,真理既和我们的“理由”相联系又具有自身的客观性,认识的主体性必须以理性为根据,以实践为依归。     

马克思恩格斯论司法独立

在马克思、恩格斯看来 ,司法独立起源于“人类对自身的恐惧” ,是一种为防止集权而进行的制度设计 ;司法独立的基础在于司法权的“国民的直接所有物”的性质 ;在司法独立的生存机制上 ,必须以“自由的国家”作为支撑 ;司法独立的内容既包括法院的独立 ,也包括陪审法庭的独立与法官的独立。并且 ,司法独立本身并非目的 ,它是以追求“审判自由”为价值导向的。     

曾被联邦调查局“紧追不舍”：海明威被FBI推向死神怀抱？（一）

海明威选择以吞枪自尽的方式结束生命，精神抑郁只是表层原因。近日，英国《卫报》重新整理并汇总了海明威好友霍奇纳独家披露的、与海明威之死有关的种种细节，称外界对后者自杀原因的猜测“没有一个是真的”，而美国联邦调查局无孔不入的监视，有可能是引发这场悲剧的元凶。     

治本的关键在于治权

在党风廉政建设和反腐败工作中,对“标”和“本”的认识,曾经历了一个长时期的探索和深化过程。如,曾先后提出了以教育为本,把筑牢思想道德防线作为治本的重要内容;以制度建设为本,推进腐败高发领域的经济体制改革。应该说,这些认识都是正确的。但对从源头上预防和治理腐败,加大治本力度的认识,是在2000年底迈出了关键步伐。当年的中央纪委第五次全会明确指出:“从近几年揭露的重大腐败问题看,违法犯罪分子之所以能够得逞,一个重要原因是在权、钱、人的管理制度上存在一些漏洞。     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

Monks Who Have Sex: Pārājika Penance in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms

In the study of Buddhism it is commonly accepted that a monk or nun who commits a pārājika offence is permanently and irrevocably expelled from the Buddhist monastic order. This view is based primarily on readings of the Pāli Vinaya. With the exception of the Pāli Vinaya, however, all other extant Buddhist monastic law codes (Dharmaguptaka, Mahāsāṅghika, Mahīśāsaka, Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda) contain detailed provisions for monks and nuns who commit pārājikas but nevertheless wish to remain within the saṅgha. These monastics are not expelled. Rather, they are granted a special status known as the śikṣādattaka. In this paper I explore the rules. concerning pārājika penance and the śikṣādattaka with specific regard to monastic celibacy. Given that five out of six extant law codes recognise this remarkable accommodation to the rule of celibacy, I argue that we must look to Vinayas other than the Pāli Vinaya if we are to arrive at a nuanced and representative view of Indian Buddhist monasticism.

Grant me chastity and continence, but not yet. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.)

     

What similes in Sāṃkhya do: a comparison of the similes in the Sāṃkhya texts in the Mahābhārata, the Sāṃkhyakārikā and the Sāṃkhyasūtra

In Sāṃkhya similes are an important means to communicate basic philosophical teachings. In the texts similes are frequently used, especially in the Sāṃkhya passages in the Mahābhārata, in the Sāṃkhyakārikā and in the Sāṃkhyasūtra. This paper compares the similes in these three texts and analyses changes in the philosophy as revealed in the similes. A comparison of the similes of Sāṃkhya texts produced over more than one thousand years reveals changes in the emphasis in this philosophical system. The purpose of the similes in the Sāṃkhya passages of the Mahābhārata is to produce an intuitive understanding of the separateness of puruṣa and prakṛti. The similes are designed to lead the listener to understand this basic dualism. In the Sāṃkhyakārikā the most difficult issues are the relationship between prakṛti and puruṣa and the idea of prakṛti working for the salvation of puruṣa. One whole chapter of the Sāṃkhyasūtra is devoted to similes.