日本官方发展援助对东南亚五国经济增长的影响

二战后,日本加入"科伦坡计划",以准赔偿的形式开启了对东南亚国家的援助历程,这促进了东南亚国家的经济增长。从物质资本、人力资本、贸易开放、技术创新、组织效率等五个方面探讨日本官方发展援助对受援国经济增长的影响机制,并利用面板数据固定效应模型分析其对东南亚五国经济增长影响的实际效果。研究结果表明,日本官方发展援助在长期内有利于东南亚五国的经济增长,物质资本积累、人力资本积累及科技创新能力的提升均显著地促进了经济增长;但是,丰裕的资源禀赋反而成为受援国经济增长的阻碍因素。     

日本对中南半岛四国官方发展援助的贸易效应——基于引力模型的实证

基于1971年—2014年间日本对中南半岛四国(柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南,简称CLMV)的官方发展援助(ODA)与双边贸易的面板数据,以贸易引力模型为工具,实证分析了日本对四国的官方发展援助(ODA)和双边贸易增长的联动关系,探讨了日本对中南半岛区域内相关国家官方发展援助所产生的贸易效应。结果表明:日本对CLMV的官方发展援助(ODA)与双边贸易流量具有显著的正向关系,其对外援助的确具有积极的贸易促进效应。     

日本ODA政策发展阶段及其外交目标分析

ODA是官方发展援助(Official Developm ent Assistance)的英文缩写,是二战后西方发达国家为支援发展中国家经济发展而成立的开发援助委员会(Developm ent Assistance Com m it-tee,简称DAC)提供的一种援助形式。战后日本逐渐成为提供ODA的第一大国。近年来,日本在国际场合多次对一些国家提出“ODA要挟”,宣布削减或停止ODA援助。在国际无政府社会中,一条基本外交哲学就是“没有免费的午餐”,由此产生的一个问题就是日本的ODA政策是否能够超越这条外交哲学而具有所谓的“绝对道义性”?本文通过分析日本ODA政策发展阶段及其外交目…     

战后日本“重返”东南亚与英国的应对

二战后,英国政府不希望日本经济复苏过快,并且不愿看到日本经济过多地染指东南亚。1954年英国促成日本加入由它倡导的科伦坡计划,以便把日本在东南亚的活动尽量纳入其可控范围之内。除此以外,在50年代和60年代前期,英国对日本在东南亚的企图进行了重重阻挠。但是进入60年代中后期,随着日本的经济飞速发展,国力日渐增强,英国已无力阻止日本进入东南亚。英国在日英首脑会晤的场合,不断敦促日本加强对东南亚国家的援助,而日本却一再敦促英国维持在东南亚的军事存在。     

日本对华官方发展援助的定位与评价

以日元贷款为主体的日本对华官方发展援助是20世纪70年代末以来中日关系中的一个重要组成部分.20多年来的实践表明,日本对华官方发展援助不仅在中日两国经贸关系中发挥着助推器作用,而且也成为双方加深互信与理解的有效渠道.然而冷战结束后,日本官方发展援助中的非经济因素影响和制约了日本对华官方发展援助的顺利实施.日本在对华官方发展援助问题上突出强调政治效果以及两国就对华官方发展援助问题的不同认识,削弱了日本对华官方发展援助中的积极因素.     

东南亚国家联盟的经济和日本

长期在东盟各国居留的日本人已达两万多人,到东盟各国旅游的日本人也达三十多万人,这说明日本和东盟地区的经济关系越来越密切。首先从日本向东盟提供的官方援助来看,它已成为仅次于世界银行对东盟地区最大的供援者。在东盟国家中,接受日本官方援助额最多的是印度尼西亚,从一九六七年到一九八○     

日本对印尼的援助

日本是印尼的最大供援国.70年代初以前,美国是印尼的最大供援国.其后日本对印尼的援助迅速增加,美国则日趋减少.1980——1986年,日本、西德、美国的官方开发援助支付总额分别为28.1亿美元(占印尼所接受的官方开发援助总额的40.4％)、10.6亿美元(占15.2％)、9.7亿美元(占13.9％)。在日本的官方开发援助额中,占最大比重的项目是官方开发援助贷款。至1987年8月底为止的累计额,日     

世界粮食危机影响下的东南亚国家粮食安全问题及中国的对策

世界性的粮价暴涨对东南亚国家的经济安全、社会稳定造成重大冲击.中国可通过提供紧急粮食援助、放宽粮食出口限制等短期措施及加强农业合作、投资当地农业生产资料生产和粮食物流设施等长期措施,帮助东南亚国家渡过粮食危机.     

日本对蒙古援助分析

以苏联解体和蒙古向市场经济转型为契机,1991年日本正式开始了对蒙古的官方发展援助(ODA),并以相对较小的成本,长期成为国际社会对蒙援助的最大援助国。根据蒙古经济发展的不同阶段和国家战略需求,日本对蒙援助经历了紧急救济型援助、有计划的恢复型援助和有计划的发展型援助三个阶段。ODA成为20世纪90年代以来维系和加深日蒙关系的关键,对促进蒙古经济社会的恢复与发展,推动蒙古市场经济转型等发挥了重要作用。通过对蒙援助,日本提高并巩固了自身在东北亚地区的战略地位,提升了自己的国际影响力和国际形象,为其获得广阔的市场和丰富的资源提供了便利条件。     

亚洲开发基金构想:战后日本构建地区经济秩序的挫败

20世纪50年代后期,日本重返国际社会后迅速崛起,实现了经济复兴并进入高速增长的快车道。岸信介内阁成立后,提出"亚洲开发基金"构想,旨在以东南亚的资源、日本的技术与美国的资金形成"三位一体"模式,建立起日本主导的地区互补型经济秩序。在推进这一构想的进程中,岸信介将日本的身份定位成"亚洲盟主",以经济合作与战后赔偿为手段拉拢东南亚国家,同时以反共与援助东南亚的名义,游说美国充当"高级合伙人",即日美共建亚洲开发基金。但这一构想因东南亚国家的疑虑和美国的不信任无果而终。     

Japan's Official Development Assistance: The Japan ODA Model That Began Life in Southeast Asia

This paper traces the history of Japan's Official Development Assistance centered in Southeast Asia through the decades from the 1960s to the 2000s. The characteristics of the “Japan ODA model” are examined and three conditions for economic growth generated by ODA are proposed. Whether or not the “Japan ODA model” is applicable in other regions is also discussed.     

From “international cooperation” to “development policy”? Reform and reorientation of Japan's ODA

Japan's program for official development assistance (ODA) is a critical tool of foreign policy. However, this program has historically been driven by quantitative goals. Only in the last decade have explicit principles and implementation policies emerged that concentrate on a qualitative, more human-centered approach to ODA. According to Professor Dr. Franz Nuscheler and Ben Warkentin, Director and Research Fellow respectively of the Institute for Development and Peace, Duisburg University, Germany, this reorientation of Japan's ODA has the potential to challenge the overall stature of the country” s foreign relations. It remains to be seen, however, whether Japan's commitments to ODA reforms will be put into practice. Will Japan's ODA Charter be a tiger without teeth?     

Japan’s new role in peace-building missions

Japan’s policy towards peace operations has been in a state of evolution. One of the issues on its peace operations policy was that the Japanese Government tended too much attention to possible tasks involving the Self Defense Forces (SDF). However, the Japanese society should consider the possibility of its participation in peace operations in the wider framework, such as multifunctional peace-building missions. In fact, the concept of peace-building is compatible with UN Millennium Declaration in 2000, and the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs also recommends that peace-building should be included as one of the priority issues in Japan's new policy on Official Development Assistance (ODA). Meanwhile, Japan will be required to participate in peace-building with the framework of multinational forces as well as the United Nations in the current post-9/11 era, such as its current mission in Iraq.     

Why Japan's Development Aid Matters Most for Dealing with Global Environmental Problems

It is evident that Japan has made global environmental issues a top priority in its foreign policy agenda since the early 1990s. Although Japan's “environmental ODA” decision-making copes with numerous hurdles arising on both external and internal fronts, this world's largest donor nation has already shouldered a great financial responsibility to help resolve such problems on a global scale. Moreover, Tokyo has played a prominent role in efforts to establish major legally binding international agreements on environmental issues. This study argues why Japan with its economic prowess, extensive experience, and modern technologies is one of the most important actors contributing to the environment, despite the recent withering trend of Tokyo's ODA volume. Although the environment is just the kind of global dilemma the UN is perfectly positioned to address, there is actually a startling array of environmental concerns in which enhanced participation and cooperation by Japan could really make a difference. Therefore, as Japan has the goal of attaining a niche in world environmental leadership, the country needs to elevate the strategy, efficiency, and effectiveness of its aid diplomacy in the days to come.     

Japan and the Middle East

Hirokazu Oikawa, a correspondent in Israel for Jiji News for nearly 20 years and former lecturer and fellow at Hebrew University, discusses the history of relations between Japan and the Middle East and shows how Japan's relative ignorance of the region has affected some crucial diplomatic and domestic policy decisions. He explains that potential misperceptions about the Middle East continue among Japanese policymakers, especially in the areas of energy policy and official‐development aid (ODA). Oikawa is currently a professor at Kyorin University in Tokyo.     

东盟在美国亚太战略中的地位及布什政府的东盟政策

在美国的对外战略中,东南亚是放在东亚的整体范围内进行考虑的,美国的东南亚政策是美国亚太战略的一个组成部分。本文从经济、政治、安全和区域合作四方面分析了东盟在美国亚太战略中的地位和作用,并介绍了布什政府上台后特别是“9·11”事件后美国东盟政策的变化。     

明代东南亚华商经营之道探微

明代,尤其是16世纪以后,中国人开始大规模地往东南亚地区经商和移民,至清初以前,东南亚各地华人华侨的职业以经商为主,商贾小贩和亦工亦商的手工匠人是其主体.他们凭借自身的辛勤努力和卓越的商业智慧赢得了事业的成功,并极大推动了当地商品经济的发展.因此,了解明代东南亚华商的经营活动及其经营之道,是了解海外华人开拓史的基础,本文即对此作一粗疏探讨.     

Providers Not Protectors: Institutionalizing Responsible Sovereignty in Southeast Asia

Abstract

Despite their declaratory support for the United Nations' adoption of the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) principle, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) governments nonetheless reject the UN proposition that military intervention can and should be employed for implementing the R2P. However, this reluctance has not precluded the development of an ethic of responsible sovereignty in Southeast Asia. But rather than responsibility as protection as assumed by the R2P, ASEAN countries arguably define responsibility in terms of provision for the well-being of their populaces. The development of such an ethic in Southeast Asia has been uneven as evidenced by the Myanmar government's initial reluctance to receive foreign humanitarian assistance following Cyclone Nargis in 2008. That said, as the contemporary policy debate and regional institutional developments in Southeast Asia together attest, an ethic of responsible provision is emerging among ASEAN states.     

论晚清政府对东南亚华侨的保护政策

1860年以后,清政府对东南亚华侨开始实施全面的保护政策,并采取了在华侨居住国设立使领馆、与有关国家签订双边条约及规定等措施。清政府之所以采取这种政策,其主要原因在于当时国际国内形势的变化。这种政策的实施,在一定程度上保护了东南亚华侨的利益,应予肯定。     

How Should Japanese ODA be Viewed? The Importance of Support for Self-Help Efforts

Three main characteristics of Japanese-style ODA over the past 50 years and the basic principle of the support for “self-help efforts” mentioned in the Japanese ODA Charter are described in this paper. The role of ODA in generating development effectiveness is taken up and possible ways for Japanese participation in the PRSP system are examined. The paper concludes with the proposal that offering ODA benefits not only the recipient but also the one extending assistance and recommends that Japan take advantage of the opportunity to serve the public good and thereby know genuine happiness.