试析澳大利亚的金融改革

澳大利亚的金融体制是在仿效英国金融制度的基础上逐步发展起来的,战后其金融管理体制经历了从严格管制到放松管制再到加强监管的改革,每次改革均较好地适应了当时国际金融业发展的大趋势,因而推动了澳大利亚经济和金融业的发展.本文拟对澳大利亚的金融改革做些分析与探讨,为我国的金融改革提供一些有益的启示.     

希腊危机背景下欧盟金融监管制度建设及配套措施

金融危机和希腊主权债务危机加快了欧盟金融监管制度的创新和建设。本文在分析希腊主权债务危机产生的国内、国际根源及欧盟层面因素的基础上,阐述了欧盟在宏观和微观层面的金融监管制度建设:宏观层面有欧洲系统风险理事会;微观层面有欧盟层面和成员国层面构成的二级欧洲金融监管系统。欧盟的阶段性应急机制有"欧洲金融稳定机制"和"欧洲金融稳定基金"以及与之相配套的一系列监管措施。希腊危机和欧盟对之推出的制度性措施,为世界各国应对全球金融危机提供了经验和启示。     

国际金融危机背景下德国银行体系刍议——功能结构主义的视角

不同类型银行业务侧重点不同、各司其职的"三支柱架构"是德国银行体系的显著根本特征。在欧洲一体化与全球金融自由化浪潮的席卷下,这一传统银行体系结构的存在却阻碍了德国银行业整体竞争力与效率的提高,备受诟病。然而,面对国际金融危机的冲击,"低效"的"三支柱架构"却有力地保障了德国银行业的基本稳定,并为德国实体经济提供源源不断的金融支持,从而有力地促进了德国经济的逆势稳健增长。     

爱尔兰房地产泡沫解析

房地产业在爱尔兰国民经济中占据重要的地位。自20世纪90年代开始,伴随着国内经济的迅速增长,爱尔兰人对房地产的需求不断扩大。对此,政府在资金和税收等领域采取了多方面的措施以刺激供给。但是,房地产市场快速发展的同时也为房地产泡沫的形成创造了条件。在一系列内外因素的作用下,爱尔兰的房地产泡沫终于破裂,从而导致国民经济陷入严重危机。通过对爱尔兰房地产泡沫的形成与破裂原因的分析,我们得到如下几点启示:一是要提防房地产泡沫诱发的非理性繁荣,二是要加强政府对银行放贷的干预,三是要重视财政政策对房地产业的双重影响。     

日本金融领域金融监管与竞争监管关系的演变

行政监管领域行业监管和竞争监管是规制经济学研究的主要内容,在政府经济政策上表现为产业政策与竞争政策的关系,在金融领域就是金融监管与竞争监管的关系问题。日本战后初期在美国占领军主导下形成了严格的竞争监管和金融监管框架,伴随美国对日本占领政策的转变,金融领域出现了长期竞争监管当局淡出、金融监管当局主导的局面,20世纪70年代开始,日本逐渐放松金融监管中的限制竞争规制,在金融领域融入了自由竞争理念,特别是日美经贸摩擦时期在美国强大的压力下,形成了以金融稳定为共同目标的金融监管和竞争监管协调格局,2008年全球金融危机后在欧美国家强化金融监管和竞争监管的背景下,日本并没有采取特殊措施,在危机过后的10多年间,建立了新型的金融监管和竞争监管的协调体系。     

日本、东南亚“金融泡沫”成因及启示

在金融投机引发的虚假繁荣中，或在经济调整发展阶段，以股票、房地产为抵押取得的贷款又大批回流到高收益的房地产市场、股票市场，使虚拟资本的价格远大于实际资本的价值，这便是“金融泡沫”的形成。当泡沫膨胀到一定程度，由于某事件的引发，使投机者预期价格不再上涨，投资者便卖出资产以收回资金，引发价格暴跌狂潮，已贷款投入的资金大部分不能收回，造成银行大量呆帐，从而阻碍经济的正常发展，甚至出现经济倒退，这便是“金融泡沫”的破灭。金融泡沫好象本世纪以来的幽灵，到处游荡，在很多国家和地区都时隐时现，令各国政府和国际…     

欧盟对信用评级机构的立法监管及新动向

全球三大评级机构在国际金融市场上具有举足轻重的话语权。评级机构在欧债危机中所扮演的角色并不是无辜的"报信者",由于其在市场上广泛的影响力,降级活动进一步加剧了市场的波动性,从而成为危机深化的重要推手。欧债危机促使欧盟加快对信用评级机构的立法步伐,强化在欧盟层面对信用评级机构统一注册和监管的法律框架。当前,对信用评级机构进行立法监管已经成为西方主要国家的共同实践,监管规则的国际协调持续推进。理解欧盟乃至全球各国对信用评级机构监管思路和实践的重大变化,对中国的金融监管部门和评级企业来说都具有重要的现实意义。     

从俄格冲突到国际金融危机的“危机政治经济学”——俄罗斯与大国关系的变迁及其对中国的启示

2008年发生的俄格军事冲突对俄罗斯与西方大国关系产生了重大影响.同一年金融危机的发生,也使得俄罗斯与西方关系受到巨大考验.这两场看似没有联系的重大危机都表现出俄罗斯在危机形势下不甘示弱的态度,也折射出俄罗斯与西方国家之间合作与竞争的复杂状况.所谓"危机政治经济学"强调的是,无论是摆脱军事冲突,还是金融海啸式的危机,大国间的合作将是一个决定性的因素.     

金融科技对金融稳定的影响及启示——以韩国金融科技发展动向与金融稳定风险评估为中心

本研究通过分析金融科技的主要特点、便捷性以及潜在风险、风险传染路径等,考察了韩国金融科技的发展动向与金融机构的应对举措,并在此基础上评估了韩国金融科技的金融稳定风险.韩国金融科技公司提供的代表性金融服务包括快捷支付与快捷转账、P2P金融、众筹基金、ICO、机器人投资顾问等.随着互联网银行在线业务量的持续增长,银行也面临各种金融创新.根据金融科技创新在金融机构多个领域进行的实际情况,金融机构通过采取与金融科技公司竞争或合作的方式进行应对.韩国金融科技公司提供服务的市场规模并不大,而且与现有金融机构的关联度也不是很高,所以对金融稳定产生的影响有限.虽然目前金融科技公司和金融机构之间的竞争存在一定程度的局限性,但是为发挥金融科技创新在提高效率、加大危机应对激励等方面的积极作用,有必要通过立法来确立"监管沙箱"制度,并建立有效的监管体系.     

金融危机的新反思

始于2007年的美国次贷危机迅速蔓延,导致了全球性的金融危机。这次金融危机是全球虚拟经济过分膨胀的结果,也是金融创新所产生的金融衍生品和金融市场直接作用的结果。     

印尼银行业改革、重组的最新进展与变化趋势分析

印尼银行业经过10年的整顿与重组,在信用、存贷率、利润、资本充足比例等方面均大有改观,现又重现生机和活力.印尼银行业未来改革措施与发展趋势将以提高最低资本准备金,协助金融机构处理呆、坏账,以及实施新的银行存款保险制度为核心,进一步增强银行竞争力,维护金融秩序稳定.     

Teachers’ and bank workers’ responses to Zimbabwe's crisis: uneven effects,different strategies

While other studies have examined worker experiences in the informal sector during the crisis, this study is the first to focus on the formal sector, comparing the experiences of teachers and banking sector workers. The study shows that the Zimbabwean crisis (2000–2008) had uneven effects which elicited differential responses from workers. During the peak of the crisis in 2008, the teaching sector almost collapsed as most of the primary and secondary school teachers responded to hyper-inflation that had eroded their incomes by joining the diaspora or Zimbabwe's burgeoning speculative informal economy. The establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) saw the dollarisation of the Zimbabwean economy and the shelving of the Zimbabwean dollar in April 2009. These changes saw the teaching sector showing signs of revival, as some of the teachers who had left the profession re-joined the sector. This was largely because the dollarisation of the Zimbabwean economy ‘killed off’ the speculative activities that were sustaining a large proportion of the teachers in the informal economy during the crisis. In stark contrast, the banking sector thrived during the peak of the crisis, as most banks became key players in highly speculative activities such as Zimbabwe's bullish stock exchange and real estate. The profits realised in the banking sector trickled down to its workers who became the best remunerated amongst all the sectors in Zimbabwe. In a twist of irony, the banking sector was adversely affected by the dollarisation of the economy, as the speculative activities that were reaping huge rewards for the banks were wiped out overnight by the adoption of currencies more stable than the precarious Zimbabwean dollar. This spelt disaster for the banking fraternity. Most banks in the first few months of dollarisation struggled to pay their workers in hard currency; many were forced to downsize their operations and lay-off some employees.     

全球金融风暴下的印尼银行业——基于与1997年亚洲金融危机对比的视角

全球金融风暴自2008年第四季度起波及印尼,总体而言,印尼银行业在本次金融危机中表现稳健,资本充足率(CAR)和不良资产率(NPL)等指标甚至处于历史最佳水平.究其原因:首先,本次金融危机的内在机理有其特殊性;其次,经过亚洲金融危机的洗礼,印尼在宏观经济、银行业实力和政府应变能力等方面均有显著提高.当前,印尼银行业存在的主要问题和风险有:经营水平不高,银行间市场资金严重不均,外资流入过多和实体经济制约等.     

亚洲金融危机以来泰国的金融部门改革

亚洲金融危机后,泰国政府和中央银行在1997年至2001年间对金融部门进行了大规模重组,通过维持市场信心、关停大批金融机构、推动企业债务重组、提高监管标准等措施,使金融部门重新走上正轨.2002年以后,泰国政府和中央银行继续强化以风险管理为中心的监管,通过实施金融系统整体规划、新金融机构法、国际会计准则、新巴塞尔资本协议、存款保险制度和信用局制度等,强化金融部门抗风险能力.泰国金融部门改革取得一定成效,也存在一些不足,其政策措施对应对目前全球性金融危机,具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Developers and Speculators: Housing,Ethnic Chinese Business and the Asian Financial Crisis in Malaysia

Housing has played a central role in both the Asian and global financial crises, a decade apart. While there are major differences with respect to these roles, there are also similarities, the most obvious being the links with the banking system. The impact of these crises on the housing sector has been extensively researched, but findings have been overwhelmingly based on aggregate or sector data. Using firm-level data from Malaysia on the Asian financial crisis, this article argues that such findings can yield a distorted picture of what actually occurred in real estate markets where contextual factors played a major role. A study of ethnic Chinese businesses, which dominated the Malaysian housing sector, show that the severe impact was primarily on businesses that were over-leveraged and/or that speculated on housing in the expectation of reaping quick returns. They were small compared to the large property businesses that, though affected, survived. Non-residential real estate continued unaffected, fuelled by manufacturing to meet healthy export demand. This, and a political/economic environment accentuated by affirmative action which drove ethnic Chinese businesses toward real estate development, speaks powerfully to the importance of context in understanding specific housing markets during crises.     

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Grand Coalition's Response to the Economic Crisis

The German grand coalition's track record with regard to managing the financial crisis is mixed. The government has spent enormous amounts of money to prevent a breakdown of the banking system and to cushion the effects of the recession. It was at least partially successful as these programmes indeed prevented collapses of banks as well as bank runs, kept unemployment relatively low and somewhat mitigated the recession. Nonetheless, at least some of the crisis policies lacked coherence, particularly with regard to the bank rescue packages. The reason is that even in the face of a systemic banking crisis and a GDP decline of 5 per cent, programmatic differences between the coalition partners have not disappeared and became manifest in government policies.     

2008年越南经济综观

2008年,越南经济经历了20多年来最剧烈的变化。上半年经济过热,并引起证券、房地产和商品市场及银行系统的剧烈震荡;下半年,世界金融危机波及越南,时值上半年采取宏观调控政策的紧缩效应开始显现,致使各主要行业又面临新的困难,最终全年经济增长未达到预期目标,并出现进一步下滑的趋势。但总体上看,2008年越南经济依然保持了较快的增长速度,特别是在出口和吸引外资方面,成绩尤为显著。各界对越南2008年经济表现褒贬不一,本文介绍了越南企业界、政府部门、学术界及国际机构的观点,并在最后提出笔者观点。     

泰国银行业重组措施及效果分析

东南亚金融危机爆发以后，泰国银行体系由于本身所固有的缺陷，其不良债权急剧增加，已经成为银行业正常运行的沉重负担，并且严重阻碍了泰国经济走上复苏道路。为了解决这一问题，泰国政府采取了诸如设立专门机构、筹集专项资金、有条件向商业银行注资的手段，目前已经取得了一定成效，但其中存在的一些问题我们也应该注意     

Trends of Marxian Ratios in South Korea, 1980–2014

ABSTRACT

This article explores the dynamics and contradictions of capital accumulation in South Korea from 1980 to 2014 by analysing the rates of surplus value and profit and criticises two theses of financialisation and income-led growth. The rate of surplus value soared after 2000 because the real wage growth was contained by the neo-liberal onslaught against workers. The profit rate consistently declined after 1987, paving the way for the 1997 crisis and its main driver was the rising organic composition of capital. After the 1997 crisis, the profit rate rebounded for six years thanks to the intensified exploitation of workers. From 2002 until the 2008 global financial crisis, the rate of profit dropped again. However, contrary to the financialisation thesis, there has been no substantial transfer of surplus value from the real sector to the financial sector. Our results also show that the accumulation rate determined income distribution, not vice versa, contradicting the income-led growth strategy, now popular among the Korean progressives. Marxian macro-dynamics is operating as usual in Korea.     

The Politics of Financial Intransparency: The Case of Swiss Banking Secrecy

In parallel to the growing weight of finance in the global economy, the transparency of financial flows and asset ownership has attracted increasing attention, a process further accelerated by the 2007/8 global financial crisis. Tax‐starved governments want to know the assets their residents own but financial intransparency can make tax collection difficult by obscuring both the ownership of assets as well as their real size. This article reviews three interrelated strands of literature on financial intransparency with a special emphasis given to one of its most prominent examples: Swiss‐style banking secrecy. First, I discuss the challenge of financial intransparency in a globalized economy and document the central role Switzerland plays as an offshore financial centre. I show that while Swiss‐style banking secrecy is an important example of financial intransparency, possible tax evaders also have other instruments at their disposal. Second, a review of the literature on the origins of Swiss banking secrecy shows how struggles for interpretive dominance shape the politics of financial intransparency. Third, I discuss the literature on the first OECD campaign against tax havens and demonstrate that representatives of the Swiss political‐economic system could have anticipated the shift of attention from small island states to OECD member states like Switzerland. Given the writing on the wall, it is surprising that recent developments have caught Swiss banks flat‐footed.