行政规制的有效性分析

成本因素是影响制度变迁的核心因素。在行政规制的每一个行政程序中都包含了大量的交易费用，加什和哈恩做过出色的估算。行政规制作为一种制度安排，其效益首先表现为制度效率，这包括规制本身的效率：规制本身的运行所需成本及其所带来的效益（成本是否最低）和规制对社会经济发展的影响。文章通过对规制政策影响的分析，表明规制的效益可能是正的也可能是负的。行政规制的巨大成本和规制改革所带来的效益刺激，也反映在政府和市场主体在规制制度的选择上形成各自的预期。     

重新审视规制框架重在提高规制能力

从现实和发展趋势看,各国政府在行政管理和规制领域面临的问题和挑战日益增加.为此,发达国家已开始着手建立新的规制框架,提高政府规制能力.本文分析了当前各国规制改革的特点与思路,总结了各国规制改革中出现的问题以及在着手建立新的规制框架中采取的应对措施,最后就国际规制改革的实践总结出对我国规制建设的启示.     

政府规制失灵与对策研究

政府规制是政府部门依据有关法规直接对微观经济活动进行规范、约束和限制的行为。它是政府对市场失灵最通常的回应,其目的是通过采取规制手段来解决市场失灵现象。但理论和实践证明,政府并不是全知全能、完美无缺的,它也会由于自己的缺陷而产生失误,即"政府失灵"。我国目前正处于经济转型时期,与一般市场经济国家相比,我国现阶段的政府规制失灵现象除了具有一般意义上的表现与原因之外,更有其特殊的背景与根源。随着中国加入WTO,随着社会的全面、协调、可持续发展问题日益引起人们的关注,随着从"经济建设型政府"向"公共服务型政府"转变日益成为全社会的共识,我国的政府规制改革面临着重大的机遇与挑战。本文借鉴西方国家规制改革的实践,并结合经济转型时期中国的特定背景,认为:解决中国政府的规制失灵问题,不能只是简单的放松规制,而是需要确立争强化对规制者的规制,从而实现良好规制。     

论规制失灵及政府规制能力的提升

政府规制是行政机关依据有关的法规,对微观经济主体的市场行为所进行的直接控制、约束或规范,其基本诉求是修正市场机制的先天性缺陷。规制失灵是政府规制未能达成预期目的,引致经济绩效与社会福利的净损失,包括规制制定失灵和规制执行失灵。原因主要有社会性规制匮乏与经济性规制过度并存;规制执行机构缺乏独立性,规制执行存在运动式的惯性,被规制者俘获规制者;规制规制者制度的粗陋性等。探讨规制失灵的对策,提升政府规制水平,有利于增强政府驾驭市场经济的能力和构建和谐社会的能力。     

西方国家改革政府规制的动因及措施

20世纪70年代末，为消除经济“滞胀”，主要西方资本主义国家进行了放松政府规制的改革。这次改革首先从英美日等国开始，逐步扩展到前苏联、东欧等经济转型国家以及一些第三世界国家。改革政府规制成为世界各国政治经济改革的重要内容。了解西方国家放松规制的原因及措施，对于我国在经济全球化背景下，尤其是在加入WTO后，调整政府与产业的关系不无裨益。     

优化规制:中国政府规制改革的现实选择

在西方放松规制的潮流下,中国政府规制改革应何去何从?本文首先对规制的意义进行区分和界定,并追溯美国政府规制的发展轨迹,然后结合我国的情况,提出了中国规制改革的取向--优化规制.     

中美政府规制改革动因之比较

规制改革是20世纪70年代以来全球性的政府改革运动,但是各国政府规制改革的动因却不尽一致。美国政府规制改革的动因主要在于过度规制本身的弊端、公共舆论对过度规制的怀疑引发的政府信任危机、信息技术革命的推动和解决被规制企业内部低效率问题的要求;而中国政府规制改革的动因主要在于建立社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求、加入WTO的压力、国有企业发展的困境和民主政治建设发展的需要,二者存在市场经济的发展程度不同、政府介入企业的深度不同、改革的技术基础不同和制度文化环境不同等差别,因此中国在借鉴美国规制改革的经验时必须谨慎地批判吸收。     

政府规制改革是抑制腐败的治本之策

文章认为 ,政府规制一方面是克服市场缺陷的有效手段 ,另一方面也会产生经济租金 ;分析了政府规制权力诱发腐败的机理 ;提出了有效防治腐败的政府规制改革的思路。     

多元治理视角下政府规制模式建构

与治理理论的兴起相伴而生的是在政府改革领域流行着“放松规制”的思潮，这其中包含着深刻的理论与现实根源。通过对治理理论的反思，重估政府规制的价值，建构在合法性与有效性基础上的政府规制有别于政府干预主义，尤其在多元治理模式下，它的核心价值体现在能够为社会健康发展提供一种稳定的机制，有利于维护社会公平正义等，因此需要我们重新探讨政府规制的功能定位。     

中国、韩国、日本规制改革比较研究(上)

规制改革是20世纪70年代以来全球性的政府改革运动.本文对中、韩、日三国规制改革的基本情况进行梳理和比较,分析其经验和教训,以便为中国政府的规制改革提供参考和借鉴.     

Regulatory Transparency in OECD Countries: Overview, Trends and Challenges

The concept of transparency has rapidly gained prominence in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. It is particularly associated with the rise of the governance agenda, as transparency is a core governance value. The regulatory activities of government constitute one of the main contexts within which transparency must be assured. There is a strong public demand for greater transparency, which is substantially related to the rapid increase in number and influence of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) or 'civil society groups', as well as to increasingly well educated and diverse populations.
Transparency initiatives now form a major part of the regulatory policies of many OECD countries: in 2000, 20 of the 30 OECD member countries had government-wide transparency policies (OECD 2002a). Many OECD countries have now made substantial investments in improved regulatory transparency, and have reaped important gains in terms of regulatory quality, legitimacy and accountability.
However, despite these gains, the results have in many cases fallen short of expectations. As well, the implementation of transparency has itself led to new stresses and problems within the regulatory process. This article considers why regulatory transparency is important and points to some of the main trends in improving regulatory transparency. It also considers a range of problems and issues that arise and suggests means of resolving these.     

“Modernizing Government”: Mapping Global Public Policy Networks

Public sector reform is a key policy area, driven by global public policy networks. Research on these networks has been inductive, highlighting organizations like the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD). This article examines “virtual policy networks” (VPNs) on the Web. Using IssueCrawler, we conduct a hyperlink analysis that permits us to map seven VPNs. The first network mapped the hyperlinks of 91 organizations identified through inductive methods. The hypothesis that the virtual network would include all actors identified in the inductive approach was refuted. The other six networks focused on: market mechanisms, open government, performance, public employment, reform, and restructuring. Among the findings, the U.S. government is prominent in the first three, while international organizations dominate the others. VPN rankings show that the World Bank dominates the OECD. When the inductive research is blended with the VPN research, the OECD's prominence increases, and we see the importance of market mechanisms and reform VPNs as pillars of globalization.     

事业单位“管办分离”改革探索中的北京模式

积极探索"管办分离"的有效实现形式,是事业单位改革重点之一。北京市自2004年起,先后在海淀区和市民政、园林绿化、医疗卫生领域,围绕解决政事合一、管办一体问题,进行了积极探索,形成了"管办分离"的北京模式。本文指出了北京模式的实质是体制内机构监管模式,分析了北京在事业单位"管办分离"改革探索中面临的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

Reformfähigkeit messen? Konzeptionelle Überlegungen zu einem Reformfähigkeitsindex für OECD-Staaten

In the present article, I propose to determine reform capacity based upon policy outcomes and the governing performance of executives. Both components shall be measured through expert assessments and quantitative data for the 30 OECD member states in order to construct an index of reform capacity. The concepts underpinning the index are explained and compared with existing approaches of performance and governance measurement. Criteria are developed to assess the strategic capacity of governments and the accountability-generating functions of political actors surrounding the government. The envisaged measurement and aggregation methods are described and the potential of the proposed approach is discussed.     

Public sector reform in the Latin American and Caribbean region—issues and contrasts

Public sector reform in both Latin American and Caribbean countries has become a high priority for governments in their search for a new role for the state. Common principles have included the objective to privatize, or contract out services or responsibilities where the private sector has a comparative advantage while at the same time improving government efficiency in areas that are considered core government functions at different levels of government. These include integrated government financial management, social security and social safety nets, tax administration, provision of basic services (education and health), legal/regulatory reform, and judicial enforcement. Guiding principles in all countries have been predictability, transparency and accountability. While the degree of reform has varied amongst countries, there are a number of distinguishing features of the Commonwealth Caribbean that set its public sector reform experience apart from that of Latin America. These include the legacy of a professional civil service, long-standing democratic institutions and an active civil society, the relatively small size of the countries, and the emphasis on rule of law that can help explain some of the differences in the reform paths taken. Nevertheless, government ownership and commitment to public sector reform has been shown to be the most important element in determining results within the Latin American and Caribbean region.     

A race to liberalization? Diffusion of economic policy reform among OECD-economies

Most OECD economies witnessed a liberalization of economic policies over the past thirty years. The present paper examines to what extent this development is caused by domestic political and economic factors on the one hand, and international policy diffusion via competitive interaction of governments on the other. Employing a comprehensive index of economic reform it can be shown that policy diffusion is a driving factor for economic liberalization. Especially in the fields of regulatory, monetary and trade policies we find significant interdependence of policy choices, as suggested by theories of policy diffusion.     

Partisan Politics,Globalization, and the Determinants of Privatization Proceeds in Advanced Democracies (1990–2000)

The 1990s have witnessed unprecedented attempts at privatizing state‐owned enterprises in virtually all OECD democracies. This contribution analyzes the extent to which the partisan control of the government can account for the differences in the privatization proceeds raised by EU and OECD countries between 1990 and 2000. It turns out that privatizations are part of a process of economic liberalization in previously highly regulated economies as well as a reaction to the fiscal policy challenges imposed by European integration and the globalization of financial markets. Partisan differences only emerge if economic problems are moderate, while intense economic, particularly fiscal, problems foreclose differing partisan strategies.     

“Carrying the black pot”: Food safety and risk in China's reactive regulatory state

This paper explores the struggles of China's party-state to address chronic food safety problems by adopting international best practices of risk-based regulation. Despite formally adopting risk-based approaches for targeting inspections and enforcement in 2002, implementation has been halting and uneven, as we show in the first analysis of risk-based regulation beyond its OECD heartlands. Drawing on policy document analysis and 36 key informant interviews with food business operators and government officials working on food safety regulation at every level of the state, we identify contradictions between official commitments to risk-based inspection and top-down demands for zero tolerance and strict accountability, which leave local inspectors preoccupied with avoiding blame more than reducing safety risks. Our analysis advances recent scholarship on regulatory states of the global South by highlighting how risk-based ideas, instruments, and practices are refracted through the distinctive norms and style of China's reactive regulatory state.     

Manufactured housing: A study of power and reform in industry regulation

Abstract

This article is a case study of the National Commission on Manufactured Housing and its attempt to reform the regulatory system. It describes the importance of manufactured housing as an affordable alternative to site‐built housing and tells how efforts to reform the regulatory system through a consensus process initially succeeded but ultimately failed.

The article shows that while the consensus process was essential to get agreement among conflicting parties, consensus will hold only when all parties are sufficiently dissatisfied with the status quo to endure the cost of change. While the short‐term prospects for reform are dim, the long‐term prospects are more promising, as a few large manufacturers offer better warranties and as programs devolve from the federal government to the states.     

Regulatory Agencies—The Challenges of Balancing Agency Autonomy and Political Control

In this article we focus on the dynamic interplay between increase in autonomy of regulatory agencies and political control of those agencies. The general research issues are the weak empirical foundations of regulatory reforms, the complex trade‐off between political control and agency autonomy, the dual process of deregulation and reregulation, the problems of role‐specialization and coordination, and the questions of “smart practice” in regulatory policy and practice. The theoretical basis is agency theories and a broad institutional approach that blend national political strategies, historical‐cultural context, and external pressures to understand regulatory agencies and regulatory reform. This approach is contrasted with a practitioner model of agencies. Empirically the article is based on regulatory reform in Norway, giving a brief introduction to the reform and agency context followed by an analysis of the radical regulatory reform policy introduced recently by the current Norwegian government. We illustrate how regulatory reforms and agencies work in practice by focusing on two specific cases on homeland security and telecommunications.