行业协会限制竞争行为的法律调整——解读《反垄断法》对行业协会的规制

对企业间垄断协议进行规制是各国反垄断法的三大支柱内容之一,而行业协会组织成员企业进行限制竞争的活动是最容易形成企业联合行为的。由于行业协会的特点,使其反竞争行为存在一定的隐蔽性,对市场竞争机制造成的损害可能更为严重。《反垄断法》针对市场经济运行中行业协会功能发生偏差的现状,对行业协会限制竞争行为作了较为严厉的规定。但要有效实施《反垄断法》对行业协会的规制,还需要明确行业协会限制竞争行为的认定条件,并建立相关的法律责任制度。     

信息交换与限制竞争的法律规制研究

本文是对行业协会中的信息交换进行反垄断的法律分析。首先 ,本文对行业协会信息交换的种类及其利弊进行分析 ,然后就各国对信息交换的法律规制进行了详细的介绍 ,最后 ,作者对我国信息交换的法律规制进行了制度设计和构想。     

行业协会价格卡特尔反垄断法规制的比较研究

行业协会的价格卡特尔行为同时具有正负两方面的效应,但我国相应的法律规制却并未得以完全体现,美国与日本的反垄断法在该方面已经积累了一些重要的经验,这对于如何完善我国行业协会价格卡特尔行为的反垄断法规制提供了有益的参考.     

论我国行业协会价格卡特尔法律规制的完善

我国目前对行业协会价格卡特尔的立法是相当欠缺的,在仅有的涉及行业协会的法律法规中,也存在着过于粗疏、责任与程序规范的缺失等问题。因此,需要通过统一的反垄断法对其规制原则及豁免情形作出具体的安排。     

我国行业协会行业标准的反垄断法规制

在我国市场经济蓬勃发展的同时,行业协会发挥了不可或缺的作用,推动了经济的发展,但行业协会也会产生反作用,限制公平竞争。行业协会的行业标准作为行业协会垄断行为的表现形式之一,在促进竞争、提高成员效益的同时,也可能限制竞争、阻碍技术革新甚至损害消费者的权益,因此必须对行业协会行业标准进行必要的法律规制,减少其对经济发展的反作用,为各行业发展提供健康动力,维护消费者舍法权益。     

行业协会的反竞争行为及其法律规制

由于行业协会以充分维护本行业的共同利益为目的,因此行业协会具有天然的反竞争倾向,应当成为我国竞争法所规制的主体。行业协会的反竞争行为有多种表现,包括对非协会会员的反竞争行为、对行业协会会员的反竞争行为以及行业协会之间的反竞争行为。我国法律对行业协会反竞争行为的规制严重滞后,必须尽快加强相关立法,包括《行业协会法》与《反垄断法》。     

论我国《反垄断法》对行业协会的规制

行业协会垄断行为已经成为许多国家的重点规制对象,我国的《反垄断法》将行业协会纳入规制范围,为制止行业协会的垄断行为提供了法律依据,然而过于笼统,缺乏可操作性。本文在讨论《反垄断法》对行业协会规制的效果及不完善方面,结合国外对行业协会限制竞争行为进行规制的相关做法,提出一些改进和完善的措施。     

2008蛙视通信—中国城市安全论坛

时间:2008年9月24日地点:深圳市会展中心批准单位:公安部科技局、深圳市人民政府主办单位:中国公共安全杂志社、深圳市安全防范行业协会冠名单位:北京蛙视通信技术有限公司一、前言蛙视通信—中国城市安全论坛是由公安部科技局、深圳市人民政府支持,中国公共安全杂志社和深圳市安全防范行业协会主办的关于探讨平安城市建设理念、交流建设信息和经验,促进中国平安城市建设为宗旨的会议;论坛由北京蛙视通信技术有限公司冠名支持。     

动态心理接触与预审

预审过程是一个信息交流过程,预审策略的制定来源于对案件信息的全面把握,通过心理接触可以对犯罪嫌疑人的心理施加影响,才有突破其心理防线的可能。心理接触是一个动态过程。     

论我国行业协会的法律规制

在现代社会,行业协会在各国的经济生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但目前我国行业协会在发展过程中却存在着诸多问题,不能充分发挥其应有的职能。其中最主要的原因就是我国有关行业协会的相关立法十分滞后,因此,我国有必要借鉴西方发达国家有关行业协会的发展模式与灵活的法律理念,尽快出台专门的行业协会法,从而完善对我国行业协会的法律规制。     

行业协会中强势会员的不正当行为

在行业协会内部,由于各企业在资财多寡、影响力大小等方面存有差异,因而有强势会员与中小会员之分。在利益的驱动下,强势会员可能利用自己的优势地位操纵和控制协会,侵害中小会员的利益,从而直接影响到行业协会的健康发展,因此,应当完善行业协会的内部治理结构,规范强势会员的不正当行为。     

行业协会在应对反倾销指控中的作用——兼论我国行业协会制度的完善

无论国际条约还是国内立法，都赋予行业协会在应对反倾销调查时可以扮演一定角色的规定。在反倾销指控开始前直到调查结束后，行业协会均能发挥其独特的作用以取得反倾销指控的胜利。目前我国行业协会制度在形成模式上存在重大缺陷，并引发一系列问题。可从思想观念、法制建设和形成机制改革等方面完善我国行业协会制度。     

Clearing and Settlement of Derivatives: Is a Code of Conduct Advisable?

This article is a first step to assess whether a self‐regulatory ‘Code of Conduct’, which has been in effect for European equities, should also be extended to derivatives. The aim of the code is to increase competition and customer choice in the European transaction process (trading, clearing and settlement). The article examines whether such a code is advisable for derivatives by evaluating potential market failures and inefficiencies in European derivatives markets. More specifically, the article: a) highlights the main differences in the clearing and settlement procedures of derivatives versus equities; b) outlines current and alternative market infrastructures in derivatives post‐trade markets; and c) evaluates the current level of competition among derivatives exchanges and also between the on‐ and off‐exchange trading segments. The article concludes that if imminent initiatives taken to increase the competitiveness of over‐the‐counter (OTC) derivatives markets vis‐à‐vis the incumbent derivatives exchanges—such as increased clearing house usage and new entry of multilateral trading facilities—are not effective in the near future, a code of conduct could be envisaged. This should entail promoting faster automation of OTC post‐trade processes and ensuring price comparability is maintained between derivatives exchanges.     

Violence against women associated with arrests for sex trade but not drug charges

The current study was designed to examine associations between gender-based violence and arrests due to sex trade or drug-related charges among a statewide sample of incarcerated women in Rhode Island. Incarcerated women were asked to participate in brief pre- and posttest surveys of their experiences of violence, sexual risk and substance use behaviors, as part of a study on the effectiveness of a family planning program in a state correctional facility; data from pretest surveys (N=447) were used for current analyses. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics were used to assess significant associations between gender-based violence variables (i.e., adolescent intimate partner violence (IPV), adult IPV, childhood sexual assault (SA), adolescent SA, and adult SA) and arrests due to sex trade or drug-related charges. Significant relationships were observed between arrests for sex trade and adult SA (OR=2.1, 95%CI=1.2-3.6), adolescent IPV (OR=2.5, 95%CI=1.5-4.1), and adult IPV (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.1-2.6); no significant associations were observed for drug-related charges. Findings from the current study demonstrate that experiences of gender-based violence are associated with arrests for sex trade but not drug-related charges. Interventions for incarcerated women are needed to consider and address history of victimization from gender-based violence and its relation to women's historic and future sex trade involvement.     

论司法对行业自治的介入

着行业协会在我国的迅速发展,其所引发的法律问题也逐渐凸显,特别是如何建立合理的对行业自治的司法介入机制成为我们必须关注的重大课题。在处理好司法权与自治权关系的前提下,应当建立起有效的司法监督机制,以保障成员免受协会自治权力的侵害；在综合考虑协会事务的性质、组织的地位以及权力的属性等多方因素的基础上,应当在民事诉讼和行政诉讼之间选择合理的司法介入方式；在允许司法介入行业自治的同时,应要求法院保持相对谨慎的态度并遵循必要原则,以防止对社会自治的不当干预。     

Industry Self-regulation Under Government Intervention

Industry actors (organizations, associations) can influence the way in which firms comply with regulations. This study examines how this influence process is affected by government intervention. Using official, anonymized data from the entire industry of financial intermediation in the Netherlands (N = 8655 firms), we examine how firms’ affiliations with industry actors relate to (1) voluntary actions aligned with improving regulatory compliance (e.g., requesting audits, attending workshops), and (2) law violations. Industry actors are distinguished between trade associations and the industry’s self-regulatory organization (SRO), which is subject to more government intervention. The analysis employs Poisson regressions to explain count variables, and bootstrapping to assess indirect associations. A series of robustness tests focus on relevant sub-samples, employ exact matching to address possible self-selection, and incorporate lagged dependent variables. The association between affiliations with industry actors and law violations is negative and significant. This association is more indirect for trade associations than for the SRO (i.e., it is more strongly mediated by the voluntary actions firms take and which help to improve compliance). These findings go in line with the theory that government intervention makes industry-self regulation more mandated and less voluntary. Under less government intervention, industry actors may promote more voluntary efforts to comply.     

国际经济法的缘起及其效力——以市民社会与法的内在逻辑为视角

国际经济法乃是随着国际市民社会的产生而逐步产生的,在古代社会和近代国际强权政治体制下都不可能产生真正意义上的国际经济法.国际经济法得以发轫的内在根源在于国际市民社会成员在通过相互经济合作与交流过程中为自身私人利益的实现而产生的普遍规则需要,以及由此所产生的维护国际贸易与利益共同体存在的一般利益诉求.国际经济法作为从事国际经济贸易的市场主体在长期的外贸合作中所形成的交易惯例和贸易规则,作为这些成员通过多边谈判所达成的彼此共守的行为准则,它所调整的乃是国家间及国际贸易主体之间的具有私法意义的经济利益关系.WTO及其争端解决机制的建立,则为维护国际经济秩序和解决国际贸易纠纷提供了强有力的法律保障机制.     

The enigma of the kula ring: Gift-exchanges and primitive law and order

There is no such thing there as a free gift.¹Exchanges are peacefully resolved wars and wars are the result of unsuccessful transactions. ²As long as ceremonial exchanges continued to take place assurance, that peace prevailed, the linked groups could continue to carry on other mutually advantageous activities, such as trade in ordinary goods …³