荧光钙血迹蓝钠试剂增强潜在多介质混合鞋印的应用

目的研究荧光钙血迹蓝钠试剂增强潜在灰尘水渍混合鞋印、灰尘尿渍混合鞋印、灰尘血渍混合鞋印的普适性。方法采用高压微雾雾化法,雾化增强常见的8种地板上的20%w/w灰尘含量的灰尘水渍、灰尘尿渍和灰尘血渍混合鞋印,并与平面扫描提取技术相比较。结果增强后的鞋印花纹清晰,呈亮蓝色,提取效果明显优于自然光下拍照提取,略优于平面扫描提取技术。结论荧光钙血迹蓝钠试剂能够有效增强潜在多介质混合鞋印,是一种便捷高效的潜在混合鞋印增强提取方法。     

《TY-2型静电吸迹器》对发现提取潜在鞋印有广泛实用价值

随着改革开放的深入发展,人民生活水平日益提高,家庭、社会环境设施不断得到改善,高档次家具和办公用具、地毯、地板革等普遍进入家庭、机关单位。在刑事案件现场上,犯罪分子涉足过的地毯、地板革、水泥地面、铁板、木制地板、衣物上遗留下的、不易识别的潜在鞋印、足印越来越多,给刑事技术发现、拍照这些痕迹造成极大的困难,以致有些重要的痕迹由于直观不能发现而无法提取,失去了重要的罪证。为适应同刑事犯罪斗争的需要,沈阳市刑事科学技术研究所经过探索、研究,反复进行科学实验,终于研制出《TY-2型静电吸迹器》。它不仅为凹凸不平客体和软质客体上潜在足迹提取提供了新方法,而且解决了潜在鞋印、足印发现、提取的难题。     

瓷砖上浅层鞋印的提取方法

瓷砖是居民家中常用的装修材料,一旦发生盗窃案,理论上在瓷砖上应该留下大量的鞋印,尤其是翻厨房窗户人室案件,在灶台瓷砖会留下鞋印。但是在实际工作中地面上很难发现鞋印,即使发现鞋印,也很难拍照提取,用静电吸附器效果也不好。这主要是因为犯罪嫌疑人鞋上灰尘本来就很少,粘附在瓷砖上就更少了,加上瓷砖大部分是浅色的和灰尘颜色很接近,反差小,就很难发现、提取。     

粉尘地面立体足迹的提取方法

足迹提取是刑事案件现场勘查的主要内容之一,由于承痕客体的复杂性,足迹的显现方法也多种多样.其中,粉尘地面的立体足迹的提取仍是一大难题.粉尘地面立体足迹是指承痕客体表层覆盖了较厚一层质地松软、干燥的粉尘类物质的足迹,如水泥粉、石灰粉或其它类似物质.由于粉尘地面立体足迹的承痕客体的理化性质特殊,不宜采用常规的静电吸附法,用拍照提取和制作石膏模型等方法提取也不理想,因此其提取具有一定的难度.     

灰尘鞋印直显与荧光显现研究

本文根据邻菲(口罗)啉在弱酸条件下与Fe~(2 )反应生成稳定的桔红色给合物的原理,对遗留在各种纸张、本色木、地板砖.地板革等承受客体上的灰尘鞋印进行显现,获得较佳效果.对微弱或潜在灰尘鞋印,用上述方法处理后,再用荧光粉末刷涂,用多波段光源显现效果更佳.     

匈牙利红增强显现血潜鞋印的研究

目的建立一种增强显现血潜鞋印的新方法——匈牙利红显色法。方法根据匈牙利红增强显现血潜鞋印原理,采用固定、染色、冲洗、提取进行显现。结果匈牙利红对非渗透性客体上的血潜印痕增强显现效果明显,但对白纸、织物等非渗透性客体上的潜血印痕没有明显效果。结论可作为一种补充方法用于潜血印痕的提取。     

用紫外观察照相系统拍摄室内微弱灰尘鞋印的实验

在各类室内案件中，常会在地面上遗留微弱的灰尘鞋印，由于地面花纹的干扰，这些灰尘鞋印发现和提取的难度较大。瓷砖和木地板是室内装修中最常用的装饰材料。近年来，随着装修个性化的要求，瓷砖或木地板新品迭出，其色彩和图案不断的花样翻新，极大增加了表面遗留痕迹的发现和提取难度。为了解决这一问题，提高现场勘查中地面上灰尘鞋印的发现率和提取率，笔者用短波紫外照相法对几类瓷砖和木地板上遗留的灰尘鞋印进行了实验研究。     

油迹光滑非渗透客体上灰尘鞋印的提取

笔者通过长期的工作积累和实践总结,经多次实验后,总结出对于油迹光滑非渗透客体上遗留的灰尘加层鞋印,利用银粉或磁性粉显现效果较理想,方法简便,材料消耗少,显现的鞋印花纹清晰,易提取,保存时间长,是一种对于油迹光滑非渗透客体上遗留的灰尘加层鞋印提取之有效的好方法。1显现原理此法利用油脂对粉末的粘附性以显现鞋印。当鞋与薄油脂相接触时,由于鞋底的压力和鞋底上的灰尘的作用,使得与鞋底花纹接触处与未接触处的油脂厚度发生变化,而且由于鞋底各部压力不同也使重压部位与其它部位油脂厚度不同,另外鞋印上灰尘遗留在客体上形成加层灰尘…     

小偏角游动配光方法拍摄光滑表面手印的研究

平整光滑客体（如瓷砖、银行卡、电话卡、饮料瓶上的薄膜商标、食品包装袋、服装包装袋等等）表面的潜指印是犯罪现场上最常见的痕迹之一，这类客体表面常常具有复杂背景图案而干扰了指印纹线的拍摄效果。作为光学无损检验方法的小偏角定向反射配光方法是在现场有限器材条件下，显现和固定这类客体上潜指印的有效方法之一，可以有效地消除背景图案的干扰。在现场实际工作中，小偏角定向反射配光方法也存在一些问题，     

紫外观察照相系统显现汗液指印的应用

紫外观察照相系统的引进,大大促进了短波紫外照相技术在现场勘查中的应用,使利用该方法快速搜寻现场指印成为可能。但因部分技术人员未能掌握紫外照相的适用范围和技术方法,在使用中存在盲目性和局限性,针对这种情况,本课题紧密结合现场勘查中常遇到的承痕客体,通过比较紫外反射照相方法和常规方法,从而对紫外反射照相提取指印的效果作出评价,将适用客体形象化、具体化,为科学运用该系统在现场勘查中搜寻和提取指印提供有参考价值的依据。1仪器和方法1.1样本客体共分11类48种客体,其中(-)、(+)按表面光滑平整程度依次排列,基本涵盖了常见的…     

A new method for the recovery and evidential comparison of footwear impressions using 3D structured light scanning

Footwear impressions are one of the most common forms of evidence to be found at a crime scene, and can potentially offer the investigator a wealth of intelligence. Our aim is to highlight a new and improved technique for the recovery of footwear impressions, using three-dimensional structured light scanning. Results from this preliminary study demonstrate that this new approach is non-destructive, safe to use and is fast, reliable and accurate. Further, since this is a digital method, there is also the option of digital comparison between items of footwear and footwear impressions, and an increased ability to share recovered footwear impressions between forensic staff thus speeding up the investigation.     

A Comparison of Enhancement Techniques for Footwear Impressions on Dark and Patterned Fabrics,

The use of chemical enhancement techniques on porous substrates, such as fabrics, poses several challenges predominantly due to the occurrence of background staining and diffusion as well as visualization difficulties. A range of readily available chemical and lighting techniques were utilized to enhance footwear impressions made in blood, soil, and urine on dark and patterned fabrics. Footwear impressions were all prepared at a set force using a specifically built footwear rig. In most cases, results demonstrated that fluorescent chemical techniques were required for visualization as nonfluorescent techniques provided little or no contrast with the background. Occasionally, this contrast was improved by oblique lighting. Successful results were obtained for the enhancement of footwear impressions in blood; however, the enhancement of footwear impressions in urine and soil on dark and patterned fabrics was much more limited. The results demonstrate that visualization and fluorescent enhancement on porous substrates such as fabrics is possible.     

Lifting Bloody Footwear Impressions Using Alginate Casts Followed by Chemical Enhancement

A method for lifting bloody footwear impressions using alginate casts and enhancing the lifted impressions with amido black is presented. On rough or dark substrates, background interferences may conceal significant details of footwear impressions. Illumination with alternative light sources and chemically enhancing the bloody footwear impressions may reveal additional details, but sometimes, lifting footwear impressions prior to enhancing is the only way to expose hidden details (by using blood reagents not adequate on the original). Several cast formulations were tested for lifting the footwear impressions. The best results were achieved using Aroma fine^®. Enhancement of the footwear impressions was attempted with several reagents prior to lifting, during the casting process, and on the lifted footwear impressions. Applying amido black to footwear impressions lifted with alginate produced the sharpest and most detailed footwear impressions. Alginate castings followed by chemical enhancement with amido black may produce high‐quality footwear impressions for comparison.     

Chemical enhancement of footwear impressions in urine on fabric

A range of chemical techniques were utilised for the enhancement of footwear impressions deposited on a variety of fabric types of different colours with urine as a contaminant. A semi-automated stamping device was used to deliver test impressions at a set force to minimise the variability between impressions; multiple impressions were produced and enhanced by each reagent to determine the repeatability of the enhancement. Urine samples from different donors were analysed using a spectrofluorophotometer revealing differences between individuals. Results indicated that the enhancement of footwear impressions in urine was possible using amino acid staining techniques whereas protein stains failed to achieve successful enhancement.     

Collection of Wet‐Origin Footwear Impressions on Various Surfaces Using an Electrostatic Dust Print Lifter

Electrostatic dust print lift method is known to be able to recover only dry‐origin footwear impression. However, the wet‐origin footwear impression could also be recovered using this method. As the amount of dust accumulated before deposition of the wet‐origin footwear impression increased, the intensity of the footwear impression lifted with this method became stronger. If the footwear impression is not affected by moisture after it is made, the 28‐h old wet‐origin footwear impression could be recovered using this method. The intensity of the lifted footwear impression did not decrease significantly even when the number of sequential steps increased as long as the shoe sole is wet. However, when the moisture on the shoe sole depleted, the intensity of the footwear impression decreased sharply. This method has the advantage of being able to enhance the footwear impression without being affected by the footwear impressions deposited in the past.     

Chemical enhancement of footwear impressions in blood on fabric — Part 3: Amino acid staining

Enhancement of footwear impressions, using ninhydrin or ninhydrin analogues is not considered common practice and such techniques are generally used to target amino acids present in fingermarks where the reaction gives rise to colour and possibly fluorescence. Ninhydrin and two of its analogues were used for the enhancement of footwear impressions in blood on various types, colours and porosities of fabric. Test footwear impressions on fabric were prepared using a specifically built rig to minimise the variability between each impression. Ninhydrin enhancement of footwear impressions in blood on light coloured fabric yielded good enhancement results, however the contrast was weak or non-existent on dark coloured fabrics. Other ninhydrin analogues which have the advantage of fluorescence failed to enhance the impressions in blood on all fabrics. The sequential treatment of impressions in blood on fabric with other blood enhancing reagents (e.g. protein stains and heme reagents) was also investigated.     

3D documentation of footwear impressions and tyre tracks in snow with high resolution optical surface scanning

The three-dimensional documentation of footwear and tyre impressions in snow offers an opportunity to capture additional fine detail for the identification as present photographs. For this approach, up to now, different casting methods have been used. Casting of footwear impressions in snow has always been a difficult assignment. This work demonstrates that for the three-dimensional documentation of impressions in snow the non-destructive method of 3D optical surface scanning is suitable. The new method delivers more detailed results of higher accuracy than the conventional casting techniques. The results of this easy to use and mobile 3D optical surface scanner were very satisfactory in different meteorological and snow conditions. The method is also suitable for impressions in soil, sand or other materials. In addition to the side by side comparison, the automatic comparison of the 3D models and the computation of deviations and accuracy of the data simplify the examination and delivers objective and secure results. The results can be visualized efficiently. Data exchange between investigating authorities at a national or an international level can be achieved easily with electronic data carriers.     

Assessing the quality of footwear marks recovered from simulated graves

Footwear marks are one of the most frequently encountered evidence types recovered from a crime scene and can provide valuable scene intelligence regarding potential suspects. It has been acknowledged that impressions of footwear and tools can be recovered from graves, but previous studies have only focused on tool mark recovery. This has led to a lack of published information regarding footwear mark recovery from graves. It is therefore important to demonstrate whether the recovery of footwear marks is feasible and, if so, under what conditions this can be achieved. To address recovery, this study, placed 60 three dimensional (3D) impressions of footwear marks within 60 simulated graves. This was done to assess time (1, 2, 4 months) and at known depths (20, 30, 40 cm). The footwear marks within the graves were covered with clothing or left uncovered. The shoe’s design patterns were grouped and counted in a photographic comparison between the 3D footwear impressions, placed within the test-pits, and any recovered impressions. A grading system was adapted by the authors to score the quality of footwear impressions observed during recovery. The results demonstrate that the preservation and recovery of footwear impressions from graves is feasible. The simulated graves covered with clothing showed better preservation of footwear impressions, but there was no clear evidence that time or depth had an effect. The authors note that careful consideration and vigilant excavation skills are needed when excavating graves which may bear potential footwear marks, as their recovery will lead to an increased amount of intelligence that can link suspects to homicide scenes.     

Chemical enhancement of footwear impressions in blood on fabric — Part 2: Peroxidase reagents

This study investigates the optimisation of peroxidase based enhancement techniques for footwear impressions made in blood on various fabric surfaces. Four different haem reagents: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), fluorescein and luminol were used to enhance the blood contaminated impressions.The enhancement techniques in this study were used successfully to enhance the impressions in blood on light coloured surfaces, however, only fluorescent and/or chemiluminescent techniques allowed visualisation on dark coloured fabrics, denim and leather. Luminol was the only technique to enhance footwear impressions made in blood on all the fabrics investigated in this study.