加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力的发展

以243名10-18岁儿童为被试,研究了加工速度和工作记忆与儿童心算能力发展的关系.验证性因素分析表明,加工速度、工作记忆与心算能力之间存在显著的相关.结构方程建模表明这种显著相关的实质在于三者之间可能存在一个递进式发展过程,即工作记忆能力几乎可完全解释儿童心算能力的发展变化,而加工速度可解释2/3的工作记忆能力的发展变化.这表明工作记忆是心算能力发展的基础,而加工速度可能是工作记忆能力发展的基础,但后者尚需要进一步验证.     

加工速度和工作记忆在认知毕生发展过程中的作用

研究加工速度和工作记忆在认知毕生发展过程中的作用.10-90岁的健康被试1993名,完成加工速度、工作记忆和四项认知能力测验,应用多层次回归分析方法考查加工速度和工作记忆对认知加工的"与年龄相关"和"与年龄无关"的两部分作用,并且,对于"与年龄相关"的部分,比较在认知发展与老化过程中加工速度和工作记忆对各项认知变量的作用量.结果表明:1)在"与年龄相关"的部分,加工速度和工作记忆对认知发展的作用小于对认知老化的作用;2)在认知发展和老化过程,加工速度的作用大于工作记忆的作用;3)加工速度和工作记忆对认知加工的"与年龄无关"的作用部分是不可忽略的.     

民事执行能力探析

确认执行能力是案件执行的内在要求和实现条件 民事案件的执行是当事人权利义务得以实现的重要环节.这在司法实践中已逐渐引起重视;但对执行能力,却很少具体探究,有些案件即因“无执行能力”而搁浅。这种习惯的思维定势,形成了执行工作的障碍,使有执行能力的人规避法律,逃脱执行;无执行能力的人的案件又未能及时中止执行,以致执行案件逐年堆积。 我们认为,解决这一问题的最佳力点在于准确认定民事执行能力。所谓民事执行能力,是指负有义务的     

维果茨基“最近发展区”理论的应用和启示

前苏联著名心理学家、教育学家维果茨基重视心理发展与教学两者间的关系,他认为教学应与儿童的发展水平相一致,但在确定发展过程与教学的可能性的实际关系时,他主张应该至少确定儿童的两种发展水平。第一种水平叫做现有发展水平;第二种水平即“最近发展区”。前者由儿童独立解决问题的能力而定,后者则是在成人的指导下或是与能力较强的同伴合作时,儿童表现出来的解决问题的能力。教学决定了这两种能力间的互动。     

国外执行强制力的法律保障

中国执行难和执行制度的有待完善问题已经引起普遍关心与重视。在提出解决的办法和措施之前，学习借鉴国外执行制度中的优秀内容，对开阔思路必有好处。由于国外执行制度的资料引进有限，又由于各国政治、经济、法律体制的不同，完整介绍国外执行制度既是困难的，也是不合...     

中国与国际行政强制执行的定位研究

在我国司法实践中,"执行难"问题的出现引起了理论界与专家学者们的重视。本文主要指出三个概念涉及强制和执行因素:即时强制、强制措施、强制执行。国外没有一个国家是单纯法院强制执行或行政机关强制执行。我国应当在中央和地方行政系统内设立执行机构,执行遇到抵抗的行政决定的同时执行法院的有金钱给付义务的裁判,当行政执行需要限制人身自由时则必须由法院裁决后方可执行。     

对抗式刑事诉讼改革与有效辩护

1996年以来,我国一系列的刑事司法改革导致了检察官的过度当事人化、法官对被告关照能力的下降以及刑事诉讼的更加技术化,而这又进一步增强了被告对有效辩护的需求.然而,与对有效辩护的高需求极不相称的是,司法实践中却出现了刑事辩护的参与率与刑事辩护质量下降的现象.这一现象是由进行有效辩护的阻力过大的外因与动力不足的内因共同造...     

基于fNIRS技术检测脑外伤所致轻度认知功能障碍者工作记忆

目的探讨脑外伤所致轻度认知功能障碍者在执行工作记忆任务中前额叶皮质的激活特点。方法利用E-prime Jc理实验设计软件,采用N-back范式作为工作记忆的任务,应用功能性近红外光谱成像(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)技术检测24名脑外伤所致轻度认知功能障碍者(研究组)和年龄、性别相匹配的27名健康正常志愿者(对照组)前额叶22个通道的皮质氧合血红蛋白(oxyhemoglobin,HbO)浓度的变化,同步记录按键错误个数和反应时间等行为学数据。采用独立样本t检验、非参数检验等对各个任务下两组HbO浓度变化平均值和按键错误个数、反应时间平均值进行比较。结果(1)两组在1-back与2-back任务中的错误个数、反应时间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);任务负荷与组别的主效应均显著(F_(任务)=14.11,P=0.0011;F_(组别)=10.39,P=0.001 5)。(2) 1-back任务过程中,两组在22个通道上的HbO变化浓度差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);2-back任务期间,两组在通道2、3、7、9、10、11、14、15、18、19、21、22上HbO变化浓度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)在1-back条件下,两组在左侧额极与背外侧前额叶区域均有激活;在2-back条件下,对照组激活区域在左侧额极区与左侧背外侧前额叶区,而研究组几乎涵盖左右大部分额极区,散在分布,且右侧区域也存在激活。结论脑外伤所致轻度认知功能障碍者存在明显工作记忆障碍,在执行2-back工作记忆任务中,前额叶区域激活程度减弱,但激活范围更广。     

澳大利亚联邦司法制度研究报告（下）

(接上期)六、执行制度执行是指对法院裁判的执行,包括刑事执行和民事执行,这是司法活动的最后一个阶段,标志着司法功能的最终实现。(一)刑事执行刑事执行即刑罚执行。在澳大利亚,刑罚执行不属联邦事务,由各州负责。但是,这项工作不是由州警察承担的,而是由州里的另一支行政力量     

OK镜引发的医疗纠纷的法医学鉴定浅析—附22例分析

OK镜引发的医疗纠纷在社会上引起强烈反响,因其涉及面广,涉及的人群多为发育中的青少年,有些后果相当严重而备受媒体及社会各界关注;同时,由于其涉及广告宣传、产品加工、产品质量、医疗行为等验配OK镜过程的多行业、多环节的问题,以及专业技术性强等特点,而使得OK镜的技术鉴定相当困难;同时,应用一般的医疗纠纷法医学鉴定模式-即从医疗技术角度评价某一具体医院的医疗行为是否存在明确的过失与不当的鉴定模式,来解决OK镜的技术鉴定问题存在明显的困难与缺陷;我们针对这一团体诉讼案件,采取了有别于一般医疗纠纷鉴定的模式和思路.     

Self-reported and performance-based measures of executive functions in interned youth

This study address three questions: (a) Do interned adolescents exhibit general or specific deficits in the core executive functions, as compared to an age-matched control group? (b) Do interned adolescents report more executive problems in everyday life, as compared to an age-matched control group? And (c) are performance-based measures of executive functions related to self-reported executive problems? Thirty-one interned youths and 40 non-interned controls participated in the study. To this end, we measured the three constituents (inhibition, shifting, and updating) of the Unity/Diversity model of executive functioning, as well as the participants’ self-reported everyday executive functioning using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions scale. The interned group performed less well compared to the control group on the majority of performance-based tasks but did not show more pronounced deficits in any one executive function, reflective of a more general deficit. Compared to the controls, the interned adolescents also reported more dysfunction in executive behaviors related to the ability to inhibit action, behavioral flexibility, working memory, and the ability to follow through with tasks. Overall, correlations between self-report and performance-based measures were weak. These findings suggest that performance-based and self-report measures may assess different, albeit important, aspects of executive functioning.     

工作记忆中央执行功能研究新进展

中央执行功能是工作记忆系统中最重要却又研究最少的一个成分。对中央执行功能的研究存在神经心理学、认知行为、脑成像，以及计算模拟等多种途径。近年来研究较多的执行功能包括：双任务协调、注意转换、抑制优势反应、记忆刷新等。目前该领域的研究热点是，运用潜变量分析和脑成像等多学科的先进手段，对执行功能的可分离性和结构有效性进行研究。     

Effectiveness of cognitive remediation for female inmates: a pilot study

There is considerable evidence that neurocognitive deficits are frequent among incarcerated offenders. However, current correctional programming does not directly seek to remediate deficits in offenders’ neurocognitive deficits. In this pilot project, we sought to treat neurocognitive deficits in incarcerated Portuguese adult women offenders (n?=?28) using cognitive remediation to target cognitive flexibility, memory, and planning. Statistically significant positive changes, with medium to large effect sizes, were discovered across several neurocognitive domains, including attention, speed of processing, verbal learning and memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning. We also found a decrease in the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, tension/stress, and on disturbed behavior in prison. Cognitive remediation has the potential to enhance the neurocognitive functioning of incarcerated women. Controlled research is needed to establish cognitive remediation fully as an intervention for the treatment of neurocognitive deficits of incarcerated women.     

Detecting concealed information: The role of individual differences in executive functions and social desirability

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between deception efficiency and individual differences in executive functioning (EF) and personality, with a particular focus on the influence of social desirability. A mock crime scenario was used, followed by a Concealed Information Test based on reaction times (RT-based CIT). Individual measures of EF (inhibition, shifting, and working memory [WM]) and personality (the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised, EPQ-R), plus a measure of social desirability (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, BIDR) were collected in a distinct session. Results indicated that better executive functions were associated with faster responses to irrelevant items in the RT-based CIT. In a regression analysis, individual differences in shifting and spatial WM were significant predictors of the extra-time taken to lie, compare to truth-telling. No significant relations between deception outcomes and personality measures were noted. Looking at social desirability, the Impression Management scale predicted a further portion of variance in the extra time required to lie, beyond the contribution of executive functions. The utility of an individual differences approach to deception is advocated.     

Can you keep a secret? Introducing the RT-based Concealed Information Test to children

The present study validates a novel version of the Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) adapted for young children (7–10 years). Their ability to deny the possession of relevant information was related to individual differences in intelligence, processing speed, executive functioning and affective problems. The comparison between the knowledgeable group of children (N = 84) who took part in a mock surprise scenario and the unknowledgeable group (N = 78) indicated that by early school-age the RT-CIT can be considered a relatively reliable diagnostic tool for detecting concealed information. We found evidence indicating that executive functions are predictors of children's proficiency in concealing information; however, the specific interrelations were complex (children with lower inhibition and spatial working memory, but with better shifting performance were easier to detect as possessing concealed information). Finally, we found limited evidence for a substantial association between parent-reported emotional problems and children's proficiency in concealing information. This investigation has practical implications for the development of rigorous protocols to detect children's concealed knowledge within legal environments.     

Empathy in sexually sadistic offenders: an experimental comparison with non-sadistic sexual offenders

Previous studies suggest that severe sexual sadism and psychopathy are phenotypically different, although both are characterized by deficits in emotional processing. We assessed empathic capacity in a sample of 12 sexual sadists in comparison with 23 non-sadistic offenders using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). All participants were forensic patients under mandatory treatment orders who had committed sexual offenses. The MET is a computerized rating task that differentiates and measures cognitive and emotional components of empathy, or perspective-taking versus compassionate components. To identify the effects of possible empathy deficits caused by psychopathic traits, we controlled both samples for psychopathy as a covariate, measured by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). According to our results, sexual sadists did not differ from non-sadistic sexual offenders with regard to emotional empathy for either positive or negative stimuli. The results suggest that severe sexual sadism is a distinct, pathological sexual arousal response, not a deficit in emotional processing.     

The impact of social class and parental maltreatment on the cognitive functioning of children

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the cognitive functioning of maltreated children with two groups of nonmaltreated children: those matched for age and SES and those matched only on age. All of the children ranged in age from 6 to 16 years. The rationale for employing two comparison groups was to examine the role of maltreatment and SES separately to determine which factor, if any, is associated with children's cognitive functioning. Additionally, the present investigation sought to expand on previous work by employing both global measures of cognitive functioning (WISC-R) as well as measures designed to tap specific abilities (e.g., selective attention, short-term memory). Results indicate that maltreated children demonstrated deficits in cognitive functioning but that these are no more pervasive than those found in children from the same low socioeconomic backgrounds. These findings suggest that it may be deprived family circumstances common in maltreating families, not maltreatment per se, that is responsible for the cognitive deficits often noted in maltreated children.     

论民事执行案外人的救济途径

因民事执行重在迅速的特性,案外人难免会遭受侵害,为此应当给予案外人救济。案外人对执行标的物的争议是民事实体权利义务纠纷,基于审执分离的理论,普遍的观点认为执行机构无权处理案外人异议。现行法律虽然给执行机构处理案外人争议提供了僭妄的机会,但并不意味着执行机构无权处理案外人争议,不论从法理,还是从诉讼经济原则,执行机构处理案外人争议都具有正当性。但是执行机构对案外人争议无最终处理权,在当事人对执行机构的处理不服时,应当由审判机构作最终处理。