论合伙在中国民法中的法律地位

本文从合伙的概念入手探讨了合伙的特征,并且以合伙的特征为依据进一步论述了合伙在我国民法中的法律地位.经过比较分析,文中认为合伙在民法中的法律地位应区分合伙企业和非合伙企业,不同性质的合伙在民法中的法律地位是不同.     

特殊的普通合伙承责制度分析

在现代商事制度中,合伙企业制度是一种极为重要的商事组织形式,为各类主体参与商事经营提供了一种较为灵活与便捷的经营方式。2006年8月27日中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十三次会议修订通过的《中华人民共和国合伙企业法》与以前实行的合伙企业法相比,新增加了特殊的普通合伙制和有限合伙制两种合伙企业组织形式。本文通过对于特殊的普通合伙承责制度的研究,诣在结合我国当前立法与实践,分析研究合伙企业,尤其是这种新增承责制度的进步与尚需完善之处,以期从整体上对我国合伙企业制度的进一步合理化提供具有参考价值的理论成果。     

论合伙企业的法律地位

合伙法律制度的核心便是合伙人承担的法律责任问题.合伙不具有法人地位,一方面,本着刺激投资,拉动经济发展的需要,必须要鼓励合伙的发展；另一方面,合伙的特殊性质需要对合伙债权人进行特殊的保护,而这种保护从根本上来说就体现在法律对合伙人法律责任的规制上.我国目前已经形成了从《民法通则》,《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行《中华人民共和国民法通则〉若干问题的意见》,到2006年新修订的《合伙企业法》,以及相关配套法规的一系列比较完整的合伙法律体系.合伙的种类也发展到普通合伙企业,特殊的普通合伙企业,有限合伙企业.     

新《合伙企业法》创新解读

2006年8月27日通过的新合伙企业法对比现行1997年合伙企业法具体有三大制度创新:一是增加了“有限合伙”制度;二是增加了“特殊的普通合伙”制度;三是明确了法人可以参与合伙。有限合伙制度可以促进民间投资的大力发展,有限责任合伙制度可以有利于专业服务机构的发展,明确法人可以参与合伙使大企业与具有特定优势的中小企业设立合伙企业有法可依。但同时新合伙企业法在执行的过程中也极有可能面临一些具体问题。     

进一步完善我国合伙企业的法律制度

<正> 《合伙企业法》是构筑现代企业制度不可缺少的重要法律部门,它的颁布表明了调整中小企业的法律体系的逐步完善,使对中小型企业组织形态的规范成为现实,符合建立现代企业制度的要求,也是确立中小企业法律地位并使其健康发展的制度保障。因此《合伙企业法》的出台,对保障中小企业健康发展,具有十分重要的现实意义。 由于《合伙企业法》回避和遗漏了一些问题,诸如有限合伙、隐名合伙、合伙企业的纳税以及法人成为合伙人资格的问题,这给我国合伙企业的发展造成了障碍。为了规范市场主体,保护合伙企业和合伙人的合法权益,维护社会经济秩序,根据当前我国现实的经济状况,应当对该法的不健全之处加以完善,以真正体现其社会价值。     

论有限责任合伙制——兼评新《合伙企业法》对有限责任合伙企业的规定

2006年8月27日,《中华人民共和国合伙企业法(修订案)》正式通过。修订后的合伙企业法将于2007年6月1日起施行。新修合伙《企业法》在吸收和借鉴当今法学界对合伙的最新研究成果的基础上,较之原有的《合伙企业法》规定了若干新的合伙制度增加了有限合伙制度、有限责任合伙制度,并明文规定了法人可以参加合伙等内容。本文旨在就有限责任合伙制度领域相关问题探讨。     

提高合伙企业法实施效益的几个问题

我国的《合伙企业法》是一部克服了传统经济主体立法缺陷、按照现代企业法律制度的要求颁布的重要法律，是我国企业立法的一次质的飞跃。但由于历史的和现实的种种原因，人们对合伙企业法的重要作用还认识不足，大大影响了该法的实施效益。进一步认清合伙企业的法律特征，明确合伙企业的基础是合伙协议，它的外在形式是合伙人承担无限连带清偿责任的营利性组织，是合伙企业法实施的重要前提。只有高度重视合伙协议订立的质量，廓清合伙企业的债务和合伙人的责任，才能提高《合伙企业法》的实施效益     

浅析"有限责任"合伙

有限责任合伙给予合伙人一定的有限责任的保护,其实质上仍是普通合伙。因此,本文着重讨论有限责任合伙(特殊的普通合伙)的概念、适用范围、责任承担等问题。     

英国合伙制度的起源与发展

合伙是一种古老的企业组织形式,具有悠久的发展历史。英国合伙法是普通法的产物,英国已有《英国合伙法》（1890）、《英国有限合伙法》（1907）和《英国有限责任合伙法令》（2000）三部成文法,旨在通过三部法的相关规定探讨英国合伙制度的起源与发展。     

“特殊的普通合伙制”再解读 聚焦“第二届特殊的普通合伙制律师事务所研讨会”

2006修订的《合伙企业法》增加了"特殊的普通合伙企业"一节,2008年新修的《律师法》规定"合伙律师事务所可以采用普通合伙或者特殊的普通合伙形式设立"。法律上对特殊的普通合伙律师事务所形式的确认,是对传统的律师事务所组织形式的重大改革,有助于我国律师事务所的健康、良性发展。自新《律师法》实施以来,全国已有40多家律师事务所改制为特殊的普通合伙制,然而特殊的普通合伙的组织形式究竟有什么特点、对事务所发展有何优势等,还是需要深入讨论的问题;"特殊的普通合伙"的内涵、责任风险承担方式、普通合伙向特殊普通合伙转变的条件、与普通合伙企业的异同等问     

The legal profession of China in a globalized world: innovations and new challenges

ABSTRACT

The legal profession is undergoing fundamental changes; and this is the case not just in established legal markets. Based on a state-of-the-art sketch, this paper identifies and analyzes the latest innovation initiatives and alternative business models in China’s legal profession. It finds that, propelled by market demands and benefiting from technological advancements, the provision of legal services has become highly versatile today, giving rise to various alternative service providers, especially the rapidly rising online legal service portals. Because they are technically not law firms, the exclusivity requirements on lawyer ownership and legal service provision are not applicable to them. In the meantime, the competition for large corporate clients and lucrative business transactions is fierce and will continue to be so, not only within the club of big Chinese corporate law firms, but also between Chinese law firms and international law firms globally. In this course, some leading big corporate law firms in China are observed to have creatively incorporated key corporate features in running their business and compensating their partners, effectively deviating from the partnership?+?pure legal services regulation. Such market realities question the necessity and effect of the regulatory restrictions on law firm legal form and ownership structure, and call for an agenda for related research in the future.     

Undermining Gender Equality: Female Attrition from Private Law Practice

The number of women in the legal profession has grown tremendously over the last 40 years, with women now representing about half of all law school graduates. Despite the decades‐long pipeline of women into the profession, women's representation among law firm partnerships remains dismally low. One key reason identified for women's minority presence among law firm partners is the high level of attrition of women associates from law firms. This high rate of female attrition undermines efforts to achieve gender equality in the legal profession. Using a survey of 1,270 law graduates, we employ piecewise constant exponential hazard regression models to explore gendered career paths from private law practice. Our analysis reveals that, for both men and women, the time leading up to partnership decisions sees many lawyers exit private practice, but women continue to leave private practice long after partnership decisions are made. Gender differences in leaving private practice also surface with reference to cohorts, areas of law, billable hours, firm sizes, and career gaps. Notably, working in criminal law augmented women's risk of leaving private practice, but not for men, while taking time away from practice for reasons other than parental leaves, hastens both men's and women's exits from private practice.     

WTO体制下中国商事组织法三大变革析论

中国商事组织法存在的创新机制缺失、身份立法、经营范围僵化等问题,不仅使我国商事组织在加入WTO后更为激烈的国际竞争中处于不利地位,而且构成中国履行相关国际承诺的障碍。为此,应在肯定商事组织法原有原则的前提下弱化法定原则、确立国民待遇原则和规则效率原则,并在根据新原则对中国商事组织权利能力和行为能力制度重构的基础上,设计商事组织经营范围和外贸经营权的改革方案,具体讲,就是应废除三资企业法、《全民所有制企业法》、《乡镇企业法》和《私营企业暂行条例》,将其所调整的商事组织分别归属于《公司法》、《合伙企业法》和《个人独资企业法》,并引进有限合伙、有限责任合伙等形式丰富我国合伙企业的类型。     

我国合伙企业合伙人类型异动与数量异动规定的完善

合伙人数量变更会导致合伙企业出现两种极端状况即合伙人类型异动(有限合伙企业仅剩一类合伙人)与合伙人数量异动(合伙企业仅剩一个合伙人或者合伙人数量"超标")。对于这两种异动情形,现行法律或作出规定但存有瑕疵,或根本未作规定。因此,完善我国合伙企业合伙人类型异动与数量异动规定有其必要性与迫切性。     

Researcher–practitioner partnerships and crime analysis: a case study in action research

This paper describes a recent researcher–practitioner partnership designed to address the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies when implementing crime control and prevention strategies. Using an action research methodology, the project embedded a group of trained students within the law enforcement community to assist with local crime problems and supplement existing crime analysis and research capabilities in six agency units. Results of this case study offer several implications for future researcher–practitioner partnerships focused on crime analysis and present an enhanced set of metrics for evaluating success.     

Street-level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytical review⋆

Our paper presents the results of a meta-analytical review of street level drug law enforcement. We conducted a series of meta-analyses to compare and contrast the effectiveness of four types of drug law enforcement approaches, including community-wide policing, problem-oriented/partnership approaches that were geographically focused, hotspots policing and standard, unfocused law enforcement efforts. We examined the relative impact of these different crime control tactics on street-level drug problems as well as associated problems such as property crime, disorder and violent crime. The results of the meta-analyses, together with examination of forest plots, reveal that problem-oriented policing and geographically-focused interventions involving cooperative partnerships between police and third parties tend to be more effective at controlling drug problems than community-wide policing efforts that are unfocused and spread out across a community. But geographically focused and community-wide drug law enforcement interventions that leverage partnerships are more effective at dealing with drug problems than traditional, law enforcement-only interventions. Our results suggest that the key to successful drug law enforcement lies in the capacity of the police to forge productive partnerships with third parties rather than simply increasing police presence or intervention (e.g., arrests) at drug hotspots.

Listening to law enforcement officers: The promises and problems of police - adult probation partnerships

Police-probation partnerships have increased in recent years, but evaluations of such partnerships are rare. Particularly within probation agencies, such partnerships can be perceived as an abandonment of service responsibilities in favor of enforcing the law against probationers, but the views of police officers involved in these partnerships have not been examined in the past. The current study began this process by examining the perceptions of law enforcement officers in Texas. In particular, the following questions were addressed: (1) whether they experience role conflict or role ambiguity, (2) how they perceive the effectiveness of partnerships, and (3) how they evaluate the impact of partnerships on crime reduction. Three partnership patterns were identified using cluster analysis. The analysis revealed a significant relationship between the extent of partnerships and the perceptions of law enforcement officers on the partnerships. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

Hybrid governance mechanisms as political instruments: the case of sustainability partnerships

Hybrid governance mechanisms have become one of the most preferred models of governance. Their influence and use have increased slowly but consistently since the end of the Cold War. This article investigates their political dimension, by way of studying United Nations’ partnerships for sustainable development, registered with the commission on sustainable development (CSD). Around 350 sustainability partnerships that promise to solve environmental problems and achieve the MDGs are registered with the CSD. Since their endorsement at the 2002 Johannesburg Summit, various studies assessed their value for environmental governance often finding them ineffective or counter-productive. This article exposes a new set of influences that partnerships have on the practice and discourses of global environmental governance, by following the politics of their emergence, that of partnership building and registration, and their actualization: During their negotiation, various contestations emerged and influenced the resulting partnerships regime; this is studied through in-depth interviews. Secondly, this regime leaves many geographical and participatory lacunas with political effects, which are studied through a large-N database. Finally, the unintended consequences of partnership projects on their issue areas and the discursive changes they cause in environmental governance reveal an otherwise concealed political dimension: The introduction of controversial technologies into the UN platforms.     

论合伙之民事主体地位

随着合伙在经济生活中的蓬勃发展,越来越多的学者和立法者认识到合伙地位的重要性。但合伙并未取得民法上的主体地位,这与合伙在市场经济中所发挥的地位不相匹配,合伙应当取得独立的民事主体地位。