The Relationship Between Crime and Electronic Gaming Expenditure: Evidence from Victoria, Australia

Gambling in Australia is a significant economic activity. Expenditure on its many forms is sizeable and has undergone sustained periods of expansion. At the same time, the structure of the gambling industry has undergone substantial change, with the use of gaming facilities in local hotels and licensed clubs now representing one of the most predominant forms of gambling. Despite this, and the extensive international literature on the relationships between gambling and crime, there have been relatively few studies which examine the local area effects of gaming establishments on crime in Australia. This study uses a unique set of data from the Australian state of Victoria, a region in which local area expansion of gaming networks has been considerable since 1991, to investigate the relationship between gaming machine expenditure and various types of crime in 1996, 2001 and 2006. One particular focus is that of income-generating crime, defined here as theft, fraud, breaking and entering, forgery, false pretences, larceny and robbery. After controlling for a host of statistical issues, our results indicate a consistent positive and significant relationship between gaming and crime rates, especially income-generating crime rates, at the local level.     

The Quest for Recompense: Claimants' Experience of Medical Negligence Compensation in Victoria,Australia*

This paper reports a study investigating the experiences of people who perceived that they had suffered a health or medical care injury in Victoria, Australia. A particular focus was their experience with the process of seeking compensation. The research strategy involved a preliminary questionnaire and in-depth interviewing of the participants and, where possible, their families. We describe the type of injury reported by the participants, experiences with health care providers and lawyers and attitudes to the current system of compensation. The severity of injury sustained by these participants was often severe, involving permanent incapacity and psychological distress. We conclude that the quest for recompense is fraught with difficulties for claimants. The present system of compensation neither provides adequate financial compensation nor - even where claimants are successful - acknowledgement of the legitimacy of their claim.     

A cluster analysis of people on Community Treatment Orders in Victoria, Australia

This paper explores the clinical, social and demographic characteristics of 164 people on Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in one area mental health service in Victoria, Australia. The results of an exploratory cluster analysis are presented to address the question of whether people on Community Treatment Orders can be categorised into statistically reliable, qualitatively distinct groupings. The data are presented in the context of key stakeholder perspectives on the current use and purpose of CTOs. Three stable clusters emerged and each potentially reflects how social dimensions, as well as clinical issues, influence decision making regarding the implementation of CTOs. These findings are important in the context of policy and practice in Victoria, where the use of CTOs is common practice, and orders are generally made for a 12 month period. The potential for improved targeting of CTOs and more specific treatment planning is identified.     

海洛因成瘾者神经、内分泌及免疫系统超微病理变化研究

目的 研究海洛因成瘾者中枢神经、内分泌、免疫及生殖系统的超微结构变化。方法 应用透射电镜技术对 4例海洛因成瘾者中枢神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统以及生殖系统进行了观察。结果 神经系统表现为线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂、空泡变、内质网扩张、神经纤维数量减少、细胞器减少;免疫系统表现为淋巴细胞数量减少,胞浆成分减少,死亡细胞增多;内分泌系统表现为线粒体扩张,局部嵴断裂,内质网扩张;生殖系统表现为男性生精细胞减少,细胞器减少。女性未见卵泡结构。结论 海洛因滥用者的亚细胞超微结构呈急、慢性缺氧性变性、坏死改变。     

The introduction of data breach notification legislation in Australia: A comparative view

This article argues that Australia's recently-passed data breach notification legislation, the Privacy Amendment (Notifiable Data Breaches) Act 2017 (Cth), and its coming into force in 2018, makes an internationally important, yet imperfect, contribution to data breach notification law. Against the backdrop of data breach legislation in the United States and European Union, a comparative analysis is undertaken between these jurisdictions and the Australian scheme to elucidate this argument. Firstly, some context to data breach notification provisions is offered, which are designed to address some of the problems data breaches cause for data privacy and information security. There have been various prominent data breaches affecting Australians over the last few years, which have led to discussion of what can be done to deal with their negative effects. The international context of data breach notification legislation will be discussed, with a focus on the United States and European Union jurisdictions, which have already adopted similar laws. The background to the adoption of the Australia legislation will be examined, including the general context of data privacy and security protection in Australia. The reform itself will be then be considered, along with the extent to which this law is fit for purpose and some outstanding concerns about its application. While data breach notification requirements are likely to be a positive step for data security, further reform is probably necessary to ensure strong cybersecurity. However, such reform should be cognisant of the international trends towards the adoption of data security measures including data breach notification, but lack of alignment in standards, which may be burdensome for entities operating in the transnational data economy.     

Authority to treat: a comparative look at the jurisdiction,practice and procedure of the Supreme Court of Victoria,Children's Court of Victoria and Family Court of Australia in medical matters

The medical treatment of children is a crucial interface of law and medicine. The problems in this emotive area of law are compounded by the current state of the law in Australia which is uncertain and fractured. It is the purpose of this article to examine the jurisdictions of the various courts that stand competent to order that a child undergo medical treatment in circumstances where the child's parents/guardian refuse to provide consent to such treatment. The problems associated with the present system are identified and proposals for the reform of the current system offered.     

The rapid analysis of heroin drug seizures using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with short-end injection

A simple and rapid method for the analysis of heroin seizures by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with short-end injection is described. Separations were performed using an uncoated fused silica capillary, 50 cm x 50 microm I.D. x 360 microm O.D. with an effective separation length of 8 cm. The system was run at 25 degrees C with an applied negative voltage of -25 kilovolts. Injection of each sample was for 2 s at -50 mbar. UV detection was employed with the wavelength set at 210 nm. The background electrolyte consisted of 85:15 (water:acetonitrile, v/v) containing final concentrations of 25 mM SDS and 15 mM sodium borate, pH 9.5. Samples and standards were prepared in 0.1% v/v acetic acid and diluted in the run buffer containing 1 mg/ml of N,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine as an internal standard. Under these conditions a text mixture containing caffeine, paracetamol, morphine, codeine, heroin, and acetylcodeine was resolved within 1.5 min. The method was used to determine the concentration of heroin in heroin seizure samples, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by a validated gas chromatographic method.     

Study on the changes of electrocardiogram and ultrastructural in heroin dependence in rats

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of electrocardiograms (ECG) and myocardial ultrastructure in heroin dependence in rats, in order to reveal the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin. METHODS: Establish heroin addict model in SD mice, investigate the changes in electrocardiograms, HE staining and myocardial ultrastructure. RESULTS: The electrocardiograms of the addict group had prominently changes, main expressions: heart rate decreased, P wave and T wave amplitude reduced and duration increased, S-T reduced and duration increased, QT interval prolongation, these changes indicated that myocardium had been injured, myocardial ischemia, ventricle function declined. These difference was significant (P<0.05) between before inject heroin and after inject heroin. Transformations in the ultrastructure: nuclear concentrate, reduce, nuclear membrane shrink, chromatin agglutinate, mitochondria cristal had disorder formation, disappeared or hollowed, these indicated that heroin could cause pathological changes in myocardial ultrastructure. CONCLUSION: Above-mentioned changes indicated that heroin can injure myocardium, and the changes of myocardial ultrastructure suggested that myocardial apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin.     

海洛因成瘾大鼠心电图及心肌超微结构改变的研究

目的探讨海洛因成瘾大鼠心电图及心肌超微结构的改变,为海洛因对心脏的损害机制提供研究基础。方法建立大鼠海洛因成瘾模型,观察心电图、HE染色及心肌超微结构改变。结果大鼠海洛因成瘾组心电图改变明显,主要表现在心率减慢、P波及T波压低、时间延长,S-T段压低、时间延长,QT间期延长,上述差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示心肌损伤、心肌缺血及心室功能下降。电镜改变主要表现在核浓缩,核变小,核膜皱缩,染色质凝集成块,线粒体嵴排列紊乱、消失及空泡变等,提示海洛因可造成心肌细胞超微结构的病理改变。结论海洛因对心肌可造成损害,并且心肌超微结构改变提示心肌凋亡可能是海洛因造成心肌损伤的机制之一。     

The law and practice associated with advance directives in Canada and Australia: similarities, differences and debates

This article is a summary of research that investigated the Canadian and Australian legislative framework associated with advance directives in health care. The research focused on the context in which older people are encouraged to use advance directives. These are directions about refusal of medical treatment given in advance of incompetence. An advance directive may be given in a written document (living will) expressing one's wishes, by appointing another person (proxy) to make the decisions, or as a combination of the two. A lack of consistency and clarity about the terminology was found in both countries. This could be a barrier for older people to express their wishes in advance. Several confusing issues were also identified with the legislation related to advance directives. There appears to be a move towards appointing a substitute decision-maker, but with significant differences across the Australian States and in Canadian Provinces. The "conversation" about future decisions emerged as an important theme, together with an emphasis on the process of "advance care planning" replacing the focus on advance directive forms.     

吸毒者头发中海洛因、6-单乙酰吗啡、吗啡、可待因和乙酰可待因的分析及评价

目的确定海洛因吸毒者头发中海洛因、6-单乙酰吗啡（6-MAM）、吗啡（MOR）、可待因（COD）和乙酰可待因（AC）的浓度并考察其与国际毛发分析协会（Society of Hair Testing,SOHT）建议标准的适用性。方法 50个头发样品经冷冻研磨处理后采用液相色谱-串联质谱方法分析。结果所有样品中均检出6-MAM,并且浓度高于SOHT所建议的0.2 ng/mg,其中海洛因、6-MAM、MOR、COD和AC的浓度与其它研究报道无明显差异。头发中6-MAM：MOR的比率在0.15~36.27范围。结论由于各实验室间毛发样品前处理方法不同,而且存在吸食毒品中成分、剂量、吸食方式、代谢、头发颜色等诸多个体差异,本研究认为采用头发中6-MAM：MOR的比率大于1.3标准难以应用于鉴定海洛因吸毒。     

Donor conception legislation in Victoria, Australia: the "Time to Tell" campaign, donor-linking and implications for clinical practice

The State of Victoria in Australia was one of the first jurisdictions in the world to introduce legislation regulating donor conception. Under the Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act 1984 (Vic), donor-conceived people, aged 18 years and over, parents of children under 18 years, and donors gained the right to apply for the release of identifying information about each other recorded in a Central Register. As a result, of this and subsequent legislation, services providing donor treatment were obliged to change clinical practice relating to recruitment of donors, counselling of donors and recipients and recordkeeping. Since this legislation was introduced in 1988, over 5,000 donor-conceived children have been born and in 2006 the first 100 of these children reached the age of 18. The Victorian Infertility Treatment Authority (ITA) conducted a public education campaign to provide information and support to people affected by the legislation. This article describes clinical practice changes prompted by legislation, the 'Time to Tell" campaign and the service model developed for linking parties on the donor registers. The Victorian experience demonstrates that laws allowing the parties involved in donor conception access to information about each other must be accompanied by changes to clinical practice, public education about the implications of the laws, and services to meet the needs of those seeking information relating to donor conception and those contacted as a result.     

Rapid determination of carbohydrates in heroin drug seizures using capillary electrophoresis with short-end injection

A simple and rapid method for the analysis of carbohydrates in heroin samples by capillary electrophoresis utilizing a borate complexation method is described. Separations were performed using an uncoated fused silica capillary, 50 cm x 50 micro I.D. x 360 microm O.D. with an effective separation length of 9 cm. The system was run at 60 degrees C with an applied voltage of -8 kilovolts. Injection of each sample was for 1 sec at -50 mbar. UV detection was employed with the wavelength set at 195 nm. The background electrolyte consisted of 65 mM borate, pH 12.0. Samples and standards were prepared in the run buffer containing 2 mg/mL of mannose as an internal standard. Under these conditions a test mixture containing glucose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol and mannose as an internal standard was resolved within 5 min. The method was used to determine the concentration of carbohydrates in heroin seizure samples and synthetic heroin samples. The results were in good agreement with the reported values.     

海洛因慢性依赖大鼠神经元一氧化氮合成酶变化

目的 研究海洛因药物滥用致脑神经细胞一氧化氮合成酶(ncNOS)表达的变化及法医学鉴定意义。方法 采用ncNOS免疫组织化学SP法、ncNOS mRNA原位分子杂交及图像分析技术,观察大鼠海洛因慢性依赖和自然戒断大脑皮质、中脑导水管周围灰质和中脑腹侧被盖区神经细胞ncNOS的变化和ncNOSmRNA的表达。结果 实验组神经细胞ncNOS含量和ncNOS mRNA表达比对照组明显增加,阳性细胞数明显增多;自然戒断组较慢性依赖组改变更加明显(P<0.05)。结论 ncNOS在海洛因慢性依赖和戒断中起重要作用,脑神经细胞ncNOS免疫组织化学变化可作为海洛因药物滥用法医学鉴定的形态学依据。     

GC/MS研究海洛因代谢物在吸毒者体内的分布

应用GC／MS－SIM测定了海洛因代谢物吗啡在两例海洛因延缓死亡者的体内分布,并分析了收集到的7例案子的毛发（头发、腋毛和阴毛）中6-单乙酰吗啡和吗啡含量。生物检材和毛发经酸水解、提取、醋酸酐或双（三甲基硅基）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）衍生化,然后进行GC／MS-SIM分析。结果表明尿、胆汁和肝脏是判定死者是否曾使用海洛因的最佳检材;毛发分析与生物检材相比有其独特的优点,可提供数月甚至数年的用药情况。为公安司法机关打击吸毒、惩治犯罪提供更可靠、有效的证据。     

尿样中海洛因代谢物的测定及海洛因滥用的确认

用ＳＰＥ－ＧＣ－ＮＰＤ法建立了尿样中吗啡、６－单乙酰吗啡及可待因的定性分析方法,适用于海洛因滥用者的尿样分析。尿样中吗啡及可待因的最小检测限均为５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。方法的相对标准偏差分别为：吗啡１１．３％（ｎ＝５）,可待因１４．２％（ｎ＝５）。方法简便、灵敏、快速,１５ｍｉｎ可完成一例尿样的分析。研究了服用含可待因成分的复方甘草合剂后,尿样中的吗啡及可待因的峰面积比为０．４５７±０．１９７（Ｐ＝９９％）;统计了４０例明确滥用海洛因尿液的分析结果,吗啡与可待因的峰面积比为３．４６±０．８９４,Ｐ＝９９％。可作为判断海洛因滥用的依据。同时与免疫板法比较,附５５例免疫板法阳性尿样的分析结果