系统工程在新产品开发中的应用

系统工程作为现代组织管理技术,它的萌芽阶段可追朔到本世纪初美国的泰罗工作制。1911年美国工程师泰罗从合理安排工序,提高工作效率入手。研究管理活动与时间的关系,探索管理科学的基本规律,提出了企业管理的方法和体制——泰罗制本世纪四十年代,美国贝尔电话实验室研究电话交换机时,按照工程的时间顺序,把整个工程划分为规划、研究、发展、工程应用和通用五个阶段。首次提出系统工程的名称。1957年美国宓执安大学的哥德和迈克尔合著的《系统工程学》一书,对系统工程理论和方法作了初步的阐述。1965年迈克尔出版了《系统工程手册》概括了系统工程学的各个方面,使系统工程学日臻完美,形成了一个系统的科学体系。     

迈向西部经济强省的行动纲领——关于陕西省"十一五"规划《纲要》的几个重要问题

省委十届七次全会通过了“关于我省国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议”,根据建议,省政府组织力量,制定了我省国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划《纲要》,并经省十届人大四次会议审议通过。这个《纲要》认真贯彻了党的十六大和十六届五中全会精神,凝聚着全省人民的智慧,是指引我省未来五年经济社会发展的行动纲领。认真贯彻落实这个《纲要》,是今年及今后5年全省上下的主要任务。能否实现《纲要》提出的发展目标,关系到我省未来的发展前景,关系到全省人民的切身利益。因此,我们将在每年的工作实践中把任务层层分解,责任到人,确保…     

党的群众工作是建设社会主义和谐社会的基本途径

党的十六届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》）明确提出：“促进社会和谐是我国发展的重要目标和必要条件”，未来五年要把推进社会主义和谐社会建设作为党和国家的一项重要任务。建设社会主义和谐社会需要各方面的共同努力，但中国共产党作为中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，     

邓小平理论体系研究的新视角与新成果

邓小平理论体系研究的新视角与新成果秦益珍由陕西省委党校副教授、陕西省有突出贡献的中青年专家杨三省主编的《邓小平理论体系研究》一书（陕西人民出版社１９９７年１０月版），系国家社科规划·基金资助项目《邓小平建设有中国特色社会主义理论体系的历史演进与逻辑结...     

从世情、国情的变化看“十二五”发展的主题与主线

<正>《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》明确提出了"十二五"期间的经济和社会发展基调,即未来五年的时期内,要"适应国内外形     

从第十一个五年规划建议看公共管理

作为公共管理学科领域中的一员,在学习《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》和国务院温家宝总理就建议讨论稿所作的说明时,联系到我国公共管理实践和学科研究,是很自然的事。因为公共管理正是要为国民经济和社会发展服务的。在这方面,过去所取得的巨大成就和不足之处,都有公共管理状况的因素,今后在实施“十一五”的全过程中,仍然需要继续加强和改进公共管理。为了避免泛泛而谈,根据温总理所归纳的“十一五”时期的主要任务和需要处理好的几个重大关系,从公共管理角度加以论述。坚持统领发展全局和要全面贯彻落实的是科学发展观。     

“十一五”规划《建议》的新亮点

十六届五中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》(以下简称《建议》),站在历史的高度,从战略全局出发,描绘了我国在新世纪第二个五年里经济社会发展的宏伟蓝图。《建议》的新亮点引人瞩目。之一。“计划”变“规划”。凸显宏观性、战略性和长远性与前十个“五年”明显不同,第十一个“五年”由“计划”变成了“规划”。《现代汉语词典》解释:“计划”是指工作或行动前预先拟定的具体内容和步骤;“规划”是指比较全面的长远的发展计划。显然,后者更加注重宏观性、战略性和长远性。“计划”变“规划”,是一个巨大的进步,表明计划经济体制基本破除     

紧扣主题畅谈《建议》

2005年11月15日中共上海市委党校科研口召开了学习贯彻五中全会精神座谈会。与会同志围绕《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》(以下简称《建议》),学者们紧扣“把握科学发展观、构建和谐社会”这一主题,结合所从事学科的专业背景,畅谈了各自的心得体会并展开热烈讨论。认清历史关键时期,把握《建议》鲜明特点与会同志一致认为,《建议》之所以能够提出符合我国国情、顺应时代要求、凝聚人民意志的发展目标、指导思想和总体部署,是以正确判断国内外形势为依据和前提的。陈熙春认为,《建议》用了新历史起点、新挑战…     

学习和贯彻党的十六届五中全会精神

今秋10月,召开了具有重大意义的党的十六届五中全会。这次会议,明确了我国在“十一五”时期经济社会发展的指导方针、奋斗目标、主要任务和重大举措。“十一五”时期是我国全面建设小康社会的关键时期,全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》,为这个关键时期谋划了宏伟的发展蓝图,成为今后一个时期引导与推动我国经济社会发展的纲领性文件。“十一五”规划,是党中央确定全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标后形成的第一个五年规划,也是党中央提出科学发展观与构建社会主义和谐社会后形成的第一个五年规划。党…     

以“十二五”规划为指导，深入探索城乡统筹实践

中共中央《关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》，对我国城乡统筹及城镇化建设提出了明确意见．对未来城乡的发展指明了方向。《建议》的核心观点是希望利用城乡统筹来解决重中之重的“三农”问题．促进城乡的均衡发展．目的是将农村的资源要素留在农村而不是向城市转移。     

Management Sciences and Policy Sciences

Policy Sciences are making challenging “revolutionary” claims, and these are critically reviewed. Note is taken of the limited domain of the field, to public policy making, and the advisability for such a basis for differentiating this professional subgroup is questioned. There is an attempt to distinguish between the various schools and antecedents of Policy Sciences. In this paper a technological perspective is taken. What are the differentiating skills and technologies Policy Sciences promises to bring to its clients? Is intersector awareness, interdisciplinarity, and the application of the behavioral sciences a Policy Sciences monopoly or the natural development of systems technologies in a changing environment? The negative mode of comparison of Policy Sciences with Systems Analysis and Systems Engineering as a basis for building this new profession is criticized as inadequate and misleading. An analogy is made, between the checkered history of Operations Research, and Policy Sciences, with the implication that many of the same mistakes are being made. Policy Science perspectives that exclusively emphasize public top level policy making are criticized as too limited. The lack of and need for Policy Science analysis of the strategies for attempting to introduce and integrate Policy Sciences into institutions is pointed out. The potential contributions and role of Policy Sciences are analyzed and related to existing and developing Management Science perspectives. A plea is made for unity in place of competition.     

Informing State Economic Development Policy in the New Economy: A Theoretical Foundation and Empirical Examination of State Innovation in the United States

This study considers recent evidence of state innovation capacity in order to better understand where new economy–type economic development is likely to occur and, by extrapolation, where strategies geared toward such growth are more likely to succeed. The research focuses on data from the National Science Foundation's State Science and Engineering Profiles, supplemented by data from other sources. Factor analysis was performed on this data set to observe underlying common factors that explain the variability of the original data in fewer dimensions. The resulting factor scores—human capacity and financial capacity—were used to classify states into four categories of new economy resource density: lagging, low, developing, and progressive. The scores for the two resulting factors were then used as independent variables in subsequent regression analyses, demonstrating positive correlations among innovation capacity resources, actual innovations, and overall state economic performance.     

工程哲学——社会管理的新型钥匙

工程活动的历史与人类的历史一样久远,马克思主义哲学是工程哲学研究的基础。有工程史的工程哲学是空洞的,没有工程哲学的工程史是盲目的。国内工程哲学把理论联系实际作为其研究的灵魂,这正符合了我们国家所一直倡导的和谐社会,将其理论作用于社会管理中。构建和谐社会相适应的新型社会管理体系,可以促进社会和谐发展,实现全面建设小康的社会目标。     

The challenge of urban policy

Urbanization almost invariably accompanies development, and the cities of India and China are experiencing spectacular increases in population. The concentration of millions of people in a small mass creates challenges for public policy, especially in the areas of basic infrastructure, public health, traffic congestion, and often law enforcement as well. In this essay, I discuss five core debates in urban policy, including the optimal degree of federalism, private versus public provision of urban services, optimal land use regulation, appropriate spatial policies, and the use of engineering and economics approaches to reducing the negative consequences of density. None of these debates are close to being resolved, but researchers have managed to generate a number of useful insights in these areas. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

基于公众服务的网上行政审批系统模型研究

中国的电子政务建设刚刚起步,迫切需要各种理论和实践的支持。通过对电子政务重要组成部分———面向公众服务的行政审批系统的分析,从系统和工程的观点提出了可以应用到行政审批系统中的角色互动网络模型,并通过给出的模型建立行政审批系统的应用软件系统框架结构、网络体系结构、建设模式、运行管理模式。网上审批是信息时代对公共管理发展客观需要的现实选择。它的影响不仅在于手段的电子化,更重要的是还会引起管理价值、管理范式、管理权力、管理职能、管理组织、管理主客体等方面的变化。网上审批将通过信息技术与公共管理的有机融合促使公共管理由传统的管制管理向服务管理的转变。     

Instrument choice,political reform and economic welfare

The purpose of this paper is to formally examine the effect of placing constraints, such as the line-item veto or a balanced budget amendment, on legislative behavior. There are two basic findings that emerge from the analysis. First, constraints on one type of instrument, such as spending, will in general result in more widespread use of other kinds of instruments, such as regulation. Second, it is naive to conclude that constraints on legislative behavior will promote economic efficiency and/or reduce the growth of government. The primary contribution of the paper is to suggest how changes in the political environment can affect instrument choice, economic welfare, and the size of government.This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation Decision, Risk and Management Science Program. The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments of Ed Campos and Allan Meltzer. The views in this paper are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Council.     

NSF's Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR): Subsidizing academic research or state budgets?

This cross‐state empirical study focuses on the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) and examines its impact on the academic research and development (R&D) expenditures financed by state governments. Based on a panel of 50 states during 1979–2006, the empirical results indicate that EPSCoR, while increasing federal R&D support to EPSCoR states, crowded out financial support for academic research from the governments of EPSCoR states. About one‐third of EPSCoR funds went to subsidize state budgets. The crowd‐out effect calls for some reconsideration of EPSCoR program design in order to maintain or even increase the state government financial support for academic research activities deemed critical to academic competitiveness and economic prospects. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

Science,technology, and congress

James E. Katz is a sociologist and a member of staff at Bellcore, the research and engineering arm of the regional telephone companies. Among his books are Presidential Politics and Science Policy;and Congress and National Energy Policy.He has served as a Senate staff member. Research for this article was supported by the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government.     

Allocating resources among AIDS research strategies

One of the central questions facing policy-makers is how to allocate limited federal funds among alternative AIDS research strategies. A rational answer requires judgments about both the prospects of scientific progress and the societal value of research outcomes. Using a decision-analytic approach, this paper examines the marginal returns from additional funding of basic biology, epidemiology and mathematical modeling, vaccine development and testing, treatment development and testing, and behavioral and social science. A survey of a recent Institute of Medicine Committee on AIDS was conducted to elicit scientific judgments on the prospects for scientific progress in each of the five areas. The scientists were quite capable of transcending their disciplinary orientation as reflected in the dominant sentiment in favor of more behavioral and social science research. A comparison of the actual FY 1987 AIDS research budget with the budgets recommended by the scientific experts also suggests that basic biological research deserves greater emphasis.This research was supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in the form of a grant to the Health Science Policy Working Group of the Harvard Division on Health Policy, Research and Education.     

Books in review

He is an active Organization Development consultant, and has contributed some three hundred research pieces to several forums. His latest books are High Performance and Human Costs;and a reissued version of Men, Management, and Moralityin Transaction’s Classics in Social Science Series.