DNA分析与种属鉴定

种属鉴定在法医学实践中占有重要地位。现行用于法医学种属鉴定的方法主要有形态学、血清学和DNA分析技术。本文就种属鉴定的技术发展以及各种技术的优缺点做一比较,重点讨论了DNA分析技术在种属鉴定中的应用价值。     

DNA鉴定技术及其在刑事侦查中的应用

随着社会经济的迅速发展,科学技术也得到了一定的发展,DNA鉴定技术也被广泛的应用到各个领域,为刑事侦查工作提供了准确的侦查线索,在一定程度上加快了破案的速度,DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中的应用,是刑事侦查技术和生物科技的一次完美结合,打破了传统的刑事侦查策略。DNA作为每个人与生俱来的"身份证",具有独特的科学性、准确性以及排他性,不仅能够证明不同个体的身份,还能够为刑事案件的侦破提供强有力的技术支撑,是现代高科技司法的重要手段,并且被广大的刑事侦查人员称为证据之王,同时也为打击犯罪,维护社会治安稳定做出了一定的贡献。但是DAN鉴定技术并非是绝对可靠的,它会由于受到很多因素的影响,而最终导致鉴定结果的准确度和可靠性降低。本文分析了DNA鉴定技术,讨论了DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中的应用,并探讨了DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中应该注意的问题,以及DNA鉴定技术在刑事侦查中应用的方向。     

论DNA鉴定结论的证据效力研究

DNA分析技术发展迅速,具有很多其它法庭科学技术不可比拟的优点,广泛用于刑事案件侦查、民事纠纷解决等。虽然我国DNA鉴定技术上与国际水平差距不大,但因为缺乏相应证据规则,DNA鉴定结论在应用上表现出诸多问题。为了规范DNA鉴定结论的应用,本文从DNA鉴定使用的遗传标记衡量DNA鉴定结论的证明力大小,从鉴定机构是否合法、受案程序是否得当、DNA鉴定过程是否符合17025标准等方面判断DNA鉴定结论是否具有证明效力。在认定DNA鉴定结论有证明效力的前提下判断其证明力大小,即判断能否达到个体识别和亲权鉴定的目的。此外,呼吁我国尽早出台DNA证据规则,以规范DNA鉴定结论的应用。     

法庭DNA技术的发展及展望

1 法庭DNA技术的现状 DNA技术自1985年应用于法庭鉴定以来,发展极为迅速,得到了广泛应用。已经由最初的以长度(RFLP)为基础的DNA指纹分型技术(DNA Fingerprinting)发展到如今的扩增片段长度多态性检测(PCR-VNTR,PCR-STR)及DNA序列变异测定等。其中应用比较普遍的几项法庭DNA鉴定技术分别为DNA指纹图技术、PCR扩增技术、DNA测序技术。     

美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准

法庭DNA鉴定技术的迅猛发展,使得对法庭DNA鉴定技术进行标准化十分必要,为了促进我国法庭DNA鉴定技术的标准化,我们特别翻译了《美国法庭DNA鉴定实验室质量控制标准》一文,以供大家参考。简介本文包括定义与标准。标准是对相关实验室质量控制程序的特殊的强制性的要求。本文本提到的类同的措施也可用于此标准。1概述本标准是经常从事DNA鉴定的法庭DNA实验室所应遵循的,以保证数据的正确性和完整性以及整个实验室技术的熟练程度,各实验室在遵循本标准的同时可以提出意见来完善本标准。2定义以下各条在使用时有其特殊意义：（1…     

论DNA鉴定技术下父母子女身分的确认

DNA鉴定技术能较为准确地确定人们之间是否存在血缘关系 ,因此也就为父母子女身分的确认提供了最佳帮助。充分利用DNA鉴定技术 ,在我国将来的亲属立法中明确规定对于存在父母子女身分关系之纷争须采纳DNA鉴定技术 ,并建构婚生子女的推定、婚生子女的否认以及非婚生子女的认领制度不仅有外国立法的经验可资借鉴 ,而且是切实保障子女的合法权益之需要。     

DNA条形码技术在法庭科学种属鉴定中的应用

DNA条形码(DNA Barcoding)技术提出10余年,目前已成为国内外食品安全和动物保护等相关领域种属鉴定的新热点,该技术可实现生物样本的快速、准确识别和种属鉴定,为司法实践提供所需的科学证据。本文综述了DNA条形码技术的原理、发展及应用前景。     

法医DNA分型 第一讲 DNA多态性基本原理

DNA (脱氧核糖核酸 )是生物遗传物质。DNA分型技术在法医物证鉴定中应用日益广泛 ,在各类重大刑事案件的侦破中发挥了越来越重要的作用。近 10多年 ,是法医学发展最快的时期 ,DNA分型技术跨了两大步 :1985年建立的第一代分型技术———DNA指纹 ,实现了物证鉴定从否定到认定的历史性转变 ;进入 90年代 ,PCR (聚合酶链反应 )技术问世 ,可以在体外完成扩增复制靶DNA片段的全过程 ,是生命科学一项划世纪的进展。以PCR为基础的第二代DNA分型技术在检测灵敏度上有重大突破 ,解决了半个多世纪以来困扰法医的微量、陈旧、腐败检材鉴定的难题。DNA分型的高科技 ,以其无可争议的认定或否定的鉴定结论 ,为法庭提供确凿的证据 ,成为打击犯罪的有力武器。从本期起 ,对《法医DNA分型》进行专题讲座 ,将分期介绍DNA多态性基本原理 ,DNA分型结论的评估 ,法医DNA分型技术与方法 ,以及DNA分析技术展望等四个部分 ,以飨读者     

DNA鉴定技术及其在诉讼法视野下的审查判断

DNA鉴定技术有着强大的同一认定功能,文中具体讨论了DNA鉴定的技术原理与精准度。DNA鉴定结论与其他诉讼证据相结合,成为了法庭科学的强有力武器。但从法庭科学实践来看,DNA鉴定结论和其他鉴定结论一样,也是证据的一种,将DNA鉴定结论应用到司法领域时还需经审查判断,建立严格的采信标准,使之与司法规则相契合,并需要相关法律来规范DNA鉴定数据的使用。     

DNA亲子鉴定在民事诉讼中几个相关问题探讨

DNA亲子鉴定技术目前在世界范围内得到了较为广泛的利用,其在相关案件的处理中扮演着非常重要的角色。但DNA亲子鉴定技术在发展的同时,也面临着诸多方面的问题,本文着重就该类鉴定所涉及的DNA亲子鉴定标准、DNA亲子鉴定中的鉴定人、强制进行DNA亲子鉴定问题、DNA亲子鉴定的伦理问题进行了初步的探讨。     

强奸致孕形成部分性葡萄胎的检验分析

目的探讨强奸致孕案葡萄胎组织的DNA检验和STR结果分析。方法用DNA Typer TM15试剂盒对犯罪嫌疑人、受害人血样和流产胚胎组织进行荧光复合STR基因座扩增检测。结果检测的一例流产胚胎组织DNA的STR峰谱表现出部分3条带,且3条带中有两个等位基因来源于犯罪嫌疑人,另外一个来源于受害人,推断为单卵双精子受精的部分性葡萄胎。结论应用STR分型技术可以推断葡萄胎的DNA来源和受精类型,为亲缘关系鉴定提供依据。     

Impunity or Punishment? An Analysis of Criminal Investigation into Kidnapping,Terrorism and Embezzlement in Colombia

This paper aims to identify the variables that contribute to explain the current ability of the Colombian criminal system to resolve cases of kidnapping, terrorism and embezzlement. In order to achieve this goal a sample of cold cases and sentenced files were analysed in three main cities of the country. The success of a criminal investigation was divided into three stages: a) the identification of at least one suspect per case; b) the accusation and putting on trial of the suspect; and c) his/her conviction. Econometric techniques were used to identify the criminal investigation variables associated to each of the three successes. Variables such as the evidence and investigative practices used by the judicial police, the attorneys and the courts were taken into account. The results of this study have important implications for criminal investigation and crime policy in Colombia and in the region.     

人权保障目的优先论

诉讼以解决争议为目的,当事人在诉讼中具有平等的地位,诉讼的结果具有正义性和强制性;现代刑事诉讼的控方多由国家公诉机关充当,被告人的对抗力量得到了进一步加强,保障被告人权已经成为刑事判决的正当性的依据.诉讼以及现代刑事诉讼的这些本质特征决定了现代刑事诉讼应兼顾实现打击犯罪与保障人权两大目的,在二者发生冲突时,人权保障具有优先性的地位.     

Guidelines for empirically assessing the fairness of a lineup

Issues regarding the fairness of lineups used for criminal identification are discussed in the context of a distinction between nominal size and functional size. Nominal size (the number of persons in the lineup) is less important for determining the fairness of a lineup than is functional size (the number of lineup members resembling the criminal). Functional size decreases to the extent that the nonsuspect members of the lineup are easily ruled out as not being suspected by the police. The extent to which the identification of the suspect can be considered an independently derived piece of incriminating evidence is positively related to functional size. Empirical estimates of functional size can be obtained through pictures of the corporal lineup from which mock witnesses make guesses of whom they believe the police suspect. A distinction is made between a functional size approach and hypothesis testing approaches. Uses of functional size notions in the court, by police, and in research are discussed.     

Fatal suffocation by rubber balloons in children: mechanism and prevention

The increase in the use of photographs on individual identification credentials such as driving licences, credit cards, security passes and passports has led, for the purpose of criminal activities, to the falsification of genuine documents bearing photographs of the perpetrating criminal. These photographs may be used as valuable physical evidence when compared with known photographs of a suspect as they form somewhat of a signature of the suspect that is left behind on the evidence. The comparison of ID photographs requires the cooperation of two predominantly visual disciplines; forensic photography and morphological anatomy. This paper describes a photographic technique which allows accurate anatomical measurement and tracing of facial features, which allows direct physical comparison of ID document images.     

刑事案件DNA检验采样与鉴定立法现状

人类DNA遗传特征多态性使DNA技术成为各国警方侦办案件的重要技术手段,但DNA检验鉴定采样合法性和结论可采性须由立法规定。众多国家和地区针对DNA采样和鉴定结论应用制定了相关法律法规。我国相关法律细则尚处空白,因此,应尽快制定我国DNA鉴定采样与应用法规,规范DNA鉴定样本采集与证据采信。     

Rapid quantification and sex determination of forensic evidence materials

DNA quantification of forensic evidence is very valuable for an optimal use of the available biological material. Moreover, sex determination is of great importance as additional information in criminal investigations as well as in identification of missing persons, no suspect cases, and ancient DNA studies. While routine forensic DNA analysis based on short tandem repeat markers includes a marker for sex determination, analysis of samples containing scarce amounts of DNA is often based on mitochondrial DNA, and sex determination is not performed. In order to allow quantification and simultaneous sex determination on minute amounts of DNA, an assay based on real-time PCR analysis of a marker within the human amelogenin gene has been developed. The sex determination is based on melting curve analysis, while an externally standardized kinetic analysis allows quantification of the nuclear DNA copy number in the sample. This real-time DNA quantification assay has proven to be highly sensitive, enabling quantification of single DNA copies. Although certain limitations were apparent, the system is a rapid, cost-effective, and flexible assay for analysis of forensic casework samples.