新乡地区夏季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律初步研究

目的研究新乡地区夏季嗜尸性昆虫的种类及其群落演替规律。方法观察法研究新乡医学院动物房后偏僻草地上6只大白鼠和5只家兔尸体腐败过程中嗜尸性蝇类的主要物种及其群落演替规律。结果该地区主要出现嗜尸性蝇类为双翅目3科7种,包括家蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇、厩腐蝇、元厕蝇,且呈现出演替规律性。结论研究结果可作为新乡地区对尸体死亡时间的推断依据。     

成都市嗜尸昆虫种类季节变化研究

目的 研究成都市嗜尸昆虫种类及其与季节变化的关系。方法 经过两年重复试验,观察3～11月兔尸上嗜尸昆虫种类变化。结果 发现3～11月兔尸上出现的嗜尸昆虫种类主要有舍蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、赭尾麻蝇、巨阿尾丽蝇。其中,巨阿尾丽蝇见于3、4月,舍蝇出现于4月中旬至10月初,而大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、赭尾麻蝇则自3月至10月中下旬均可见到,10月底以后则见不到任何嗜尸苍蝇。幼虫的出现晚于成虫1～4天不等,与季节及环境有关。结论 通过舍蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、赭尾麻绳、巨阿尾丽蝇的生命周期的研究,有望为成都市法医学实践中死亡时间的推断提供依据。     

河南三门峡地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的初步研究

目的探讨三门峡地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇种类、演替规律及其在法医学实践中的应用价值。方法采用笼诱法观察7月中旬-10月中旬兔尸上嗜尸性苍蝇种类演替规律及生活习性。结果出现的双翅目嗜尸性苍蝇有3科9属13种,主要为蝇科的舍蝇、市蝇、厩腐蝇、元厕蝇、斑蹠黑蝇、兰翠蝇;丽蝇科的大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、亮绿蝇、巨尾阿丽蝇;麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、褐须亚麻蝇和尾黑麻蝇;且出现时间有很强的规律性。结论河南三门峡地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类在兔尸上的出现有一定的演替规律,可望为该地区法医学死亡时间的推断提供参考。     

呼和浩特地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性蝇类的研究

目的研究呼和浩特地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇种类及其出现规律。方法观察法研究7～10月份兔尸上嗜尸性苍蝇种类变化。结果该地区兔尸上出现的双翅目嗜尸性苍蝇3科8属10种,主要有蝇科的家蝇、舍蝇、开普黑蝇、刺足齿股蝇、厩腐蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇、铜绿蝇;麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、肥须亚麻蝇。上述蝇类在尸体上出现时间及部位表现出很强的规律性。结论研究结果有望成为法医在呼和浩特地区对尸体进行死亡时间推断的依据。     

石家庄地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫群落演替规律

目的研究石家庄地区常见嗜尸性昆虫种类及其群落演替。方法观察法研究2007—2009年夏秋季放置在同一地点的9只家兔尸体上常见嗜尸性昆虫的种群演替。结果该地区家兔尸体上出现常见双翅目3科4属9种,主要有蝇科的家蝇、厩腐蝇、开普黑蝇、厚环黑蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇,麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、肥须亚麻蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇。鞘翅目5科11种,主要有埋葬甲科的大黑葬甲、Silpha carinata（Herbst）、大负葬甲、Ptomascopus morio（Kraatz）、双色葬甲;蜣螂科的金龟子;步甲科的毛婪步甲和蠋步甲;拟步甲科的细土潜;隐翅甲科的大黑隐翅虫、小隐翅虫。膜翅目2科2种,蚁科的路舍蚁;胡蜂科的墨胸胡蜂。结论该地区嗜尸性蝇类群落演替明显,嗜尸性昆虫有地域特征。研究结果可作为石家庄地区对尸体进行死亡时间推断的依据。     

深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上嗜尸性昆虫的群落演替

目的：根据深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要嗜尸性昆虫的生长发育和群落演替规律来推断死亡时间（PMI）。方法从2013年5月初到8月初,在深圳市公安局法医检验中心模拟的室内、外场地分别放置成年猪尸体两头,观察尸体腐败的过程和猪尸体上出现主要昆虫的种类,记录猪尸体腐败各阶段的历期,以及主要昆虫在尸体上的群落演替。结果室内、外的猪尸体分别经历了412.5 h和325 h进入白骨化阶段。主要的嗜尸性昆虫,蝇类以大头金蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、星岛金蝇,甲虫类以大隐翅甲、赤颈郭公甲、丽腐阎甲、白腹皮蠹为优势代表性种类。室外猪尸体在较多雨水的影响下,优势蝇群明显产生二代,室内的猪尸体上未见较大规模二代产生。结论深圳地区夏季室内外猪尸体上主要昆虫的群落演替有规律性,7种代表性昆虫及其幼虫整体的活动规律对推断PMI有较大的意义。     

贵阳市郊嗜尸蝇类群落组成及生长观察

目的观察嗜尸蝇类种群落组成、季节变动及蛆虫生长长度与死亡时间的关系，为在死亡时间推断中应用提供基础数据。方法采用荷兰猪尸／兔尸／猪肺作诱饵，在海拔1115．2～1120．8m的自然环境中吸引蝇种。捕抓特定时间段内优势蝇种，每日定时观察记录其在营养基上产卵、幼虫孵化、成熟幼虫爬离的时间，测量其长度，采用Excel软件进行数据处理。结果获取了贵阳市郊宽丽蝇、巨尾阿丽蝇、紫绿蝇、丝光绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇、肥躯金蝇、大头金蝇和绯颜裸金蝇等8种常见嗜尸蝇类群落组成、季节变动及蛆虫生长长度的规律性变化数据，并用于实际案例死亡时问的推断。结论嗜尸蝇类群落组成、季节变动及蛆虫生长长度在推测死亡时间上有重要意义。     

16SrDNA序列分析在嗜尸性蝇类鉴定中的应用

目的通过mtDNA上16SrDNA中551bp基因序列分析,解决依据COI和COII上278bp和635bp基因序列难以鉴别丝光绿蝇、铜绿蝇种类的难题,为法医学嗜尸性苍蝇种类的鉴别提供依据。方法随机采集放置在呼和浩特及成都地区室外草地家兔尸体上的铜绿蝇和丝光绿蝇,对其mtDNA上16SrDNA中551bp基因序列进行分析、比对,构建系统发育树。结果通过对嗜尸性蝇类mtDNA上16SrDNA的551bp基因序列分析可以对丝光绿蝇和铜绿蝇进行鉴别。结论16SrDNA上551bp基因序列分析是对嗜尸性蝇类(尤其是铜绿蝇和丝光绿蝇)进行种类鉴定的有效方法,是对依据COⅠ和COⅡ序列分析方法鉴别嗜尸性苍蝇种类的重要补充。     

应用嗜尸性昆虫推断死亡时间11例

目的检验嗜尸性昆虫推断死亡时间的可行性及准确度,为鉴定实践提供参考。方法筛选11例已破案证实且昆虫学证据比较完整的案件,对案件中出现的昆虫种类、推断结果及真实结果进行统计和对比分析。结果案发现场所发现的昆虫包括大头金蝇、绯颜裸金蝇、乌足锡蝇、丝光绿蝇、厚环黑蝇、厩腐蝇、麻蝇(未鉴定具体种类)、蛆症异蚤蝇、黑水虻、丽腐阎甲、大隐翅甲、白腹皮蠹和赤颈郭公甲共13种。11例案件死亡时间均落在推断的时间范围内,其中72.73%的案件推断结果及真实结果在同一天。结论嗜尸性昆虫可以简单方便地推断死亡时间,死亡时间在蝇类或甲虫发育一代时间内的案件,推断结果比较准确,超过此范围,准确度降低。     

北京地区法医昆虫学研究──Ⅱ.尸体分解过程中的昆虫种类演替与死亡时间推断

在调查北京地区嗜尸性昆虫物种谱系的基础上，进一步研究了在尸体分解过程中，昆虫种类的演替特点及其对死亡时间推断的价值。嗜尸性昆虫侵食尸体的过程可分为侵入期、分解期和残余期：侵入期以双翅目蝇类为主，时间推断以幼蛆的发育程度为依据；分解期出现大量鞘翅目种类，时间推断以甲虫的各类组成、数量以及演替特征为主要依据；残余期昆虫数量极少。季节及温度、环境条件、尸体是否受伤或裸露，是影响昆虫侵食尸体时序的三个重要因素。正常的春季，侵入期为8至25天，分解期为约42天。     

温度对4种常见尸食性蝇类生长发育的影响及其法医学意义

为查明温度对尸食性蝇类生长发育的影响，便于推断死亡时间，在实验室恒温条件下，以常见的4种尸食性蝇类，即巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichinagrahami、丝光鲜蝇Luciliasericata、大头金蝇Chrysomyamegacephala和肥须亚麻蝇Parasarcophagacrassipalpis为材料进行研究。结果表明，在实验温度范围内，除巨尾阿丽蝇二、三龄幼虫和丝光绿蝇三龄幼虫之外，各种类各发育阶段的历期均随温度增高而缩短，巨尾阿丽蝇蛹在12℃和30℃时停止发育。根据试验结果，利用线性回归方程对发育速率与温度间的关系进行了模拟，结果均有良好的相关性。研究结果具有推断死亡时间的法医学意义。     

The succession and development of insects on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating PMI in south China

The succession of insect communities on carrion varies at local and global spatial scales. As such, ecological succession data obtained from corpses at one geographic location cannot necessarily be applied to other locations. Our study describes this succession in the far southern part of China to provide such data for forensic cases in this region. A total of 18 pig carcasses were placed in the field in four seasons, and the timing of the following events were recorded: appearance of larvae, onset of larval wandering, when most larvae had wandered, onset of pupariation, when most larvae had pupariated, onset of eclosion and end of eclosion. Our results indicated that all of the evaluated events could be used as accurate indicators of postmortem interval (PMI). The carcasses decayed fairly quickly in spring, summer and autumn, taking 225+/-75 h, 183+/-44 h, and 247+/-70 h, respectively, to decay from the fresh stage to skeletonisation. In winter, carcasses needed longer (1180+/-291) to decay as much. Carcasses attracted 47 species of insect, with flies predominating. The larvae were mainly Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Hydrotaea (Ophyra) spinigera (Stein). Most necrophagous insects were found all year around, and there were no marked differences in species among the four seasons, except that Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) was absent in winter. Blowflies produced only one generation on a carcass before it became skeletonised, which simplified the estimation of PMIs.     

呼和浩特夏秋季嗜尸性苍蝇群落组成与演替

目的研究呼和浩特夏秋季常见嗜尸性苍蝇生态群落组成与演替规律。方法连续3年用观察法研究7—10月份,家兔、狗尸体、鸡、鱼内脏等试验材料上的嗜尸性苍蝇生态群落组成与演替。结果该地区上述尸体上出现的双翅目嗜尸性苍蝇是最先到达尸体上的昆虫,而且在尸体上出现时间及部位表现出很强的生态群落演替规律性。结论研究结果可成为在呼和浩特地区对尸体进行死亡时间、死亡地点推断的依据。     

Diversity of Forensic Rove Beetles (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae) Associated with Decaying Pig Carcass in a Forest Biotope

Most forensic studies are focused on Diptera pattern colonization while neglecting Coleoptera succession. So far, little information is available on the postmortem colonization by beetles and the decomposition process they initiate under temperate biogeoclimatic countries. These beetles have, however, been referred to as being part of the entomofaunal colonization of a dead body. Forensic entomologists need increased databases detailing the distribution, ecology, and phenology of necrophagous insects, including staphylinids (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). While pig carcasses are commonly used in forensic entomology studies to surrogate human decomposition and to investigate the entomofaunal succession, very few works have been conducted in Europe on large carcasses. Our work reports the monitoring of the presence of adult rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) on decaying pig carcasses in a forest biotope during four seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). A total of 23 genera comprising 60 species of rove beetles were collected from pig carcasses.     

Puparial case hydrocarbons of Chrysomya megacephala as an indicator of the postmortem interval

The puparial case is one of the most common 'stages' of necrophagous flies encountered in crime investigations of highly decomposed corpses. If methods for determining the weathering time of these puparial cases are developed, it is possible that the postmortem interval (PMI) could be estimated accordingly. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the changes with the weathering time in cuticular hydrocarbons of the puparial cases of Chrysomya megacephala in the laboratory. The results have shown that cuticular hydrocarbons of the puparial cases were a mixture of n-alkanes, methyl-branched alkanes, and dimethyl-branched alkanes. The carbon chain length ranged from C21 to C35, and the hydrocarbon composition showed significant regular changes with the weathering time. For the even numbered n-alkanes with low molecular weight, namely n-C22, n-C24 and n-C26, the abundance increased significantly with the weathering time. For n-C26, in particular, a linear increase in abundance with the weathering time was observed. In addition, for most of the other low molecular weight hydrocarbons (n-C26 or below), the abundance decreased significantly with the weathering time. It is concluded that, cuticular hydrocarbon is a potential indicator of the weathering time in C. megacephala, and possibly in other necrophagous flies, and might further be used to determine the PMI.