控制跨境洗钱难点问题研究

当前，跨境洗钱已成为各国犯罪集团和犯罪分子青睐的一种洗钱方式。由于往往涉及多个国家的不同司法体系，存在司法管辖上的“涉外因素”。因此，控制跨境洗钱犯罪行为尤显困难。急需针对刑事立法、金融控制、刑事执法方面存在的相应难点问题进行研究并提出对策，为控制跨境洗钱犯罪提供理论支撑。     

Latest evolution in the judicial intendance mechanism over arbitration in China

Based on past court practices, the Supreme Court of China promulgated the Interpretation of the Supreme Court concerning Some Issues on Application of the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China, which is in line with the international trend of justice-arbitration relationship and reflects the pro-arbitration idea, as well as making a new step forward in the evolution of China’s judicial intendance over arbitration. However, confined by current legislation and due to inadequate judicial experiences, some problems still remain in the judicial intendance mechanism for further solution. Yu Xifu, Ph.D, is a judge dealing with most maritime and foreign-related commercial cases. His research is focused on international private law, especially international commercial arbitration. His works include a monograph, i.e. Judicial Intendance and Assistance in International Commercial Arbitration; And some articles, i.e. The relation between adjudication and arbitration, The definition and legal meaning of the place of arbitration, The choice-of-law of negotiable instrument, Finding foreign law-difficulties and way-out.     

国际刑事法院《罗马规约》犯罪构成要件刍议——以危害人类罪作为样本

尽管世界各国对于犯罪的规定各不相同,但其犯罪规定中所涵盖的成立犯罪的要件(犯罪要素)却大体相当.这种认识对象与内容的相通,正是国际犯罪概念和国际刑事司法审判活动及其机构产生的基础.国际刑事法院管辖的是整个国际社会关注的最严重犯罪,具体包括四类:灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪、战争罪和侵略罪.《罗马规约》对于犯罪构成要件的规定采用规约规定与《犯罪要件》细释相结合的方式,为在国际刑法领域实现法治化作出了有益的创新,开辟了国际刑事司法的新纪元.     

论最密切联系的司法原则化

最密切联系精神是现代化的冲突法立法之特质。我国《涉外民事关系法律适用法》将最密切联系规则仅定位为兜底救济规则,其内因包括我国强调立法、控制司法的大陆法系传统,冲突规范的硬性约束,涉外司法的划一要求,法律适用的稳健考虑,以及司法任务的简化。但由此也导致无法优化选法结果、无法缓解制度缺陷、无法矫正不当管辖,以及无法调整涉外识别等功能残缺。应尝试通过司法能动的原则化方案,参鉴欧盟最新立法,把最密切联系规则激活成为理性实施我国国际私法的灵魂力量。     

日本涉外民商事管辖权制度初探

日本法院分为四级简易法院、地方法院、高等法院和最高法院。《日本民事诉讼法》中的许多规则用于确定国际管辖权问题都不是很恰当,判例在国际民商事管辖权领域里起着相当重要的作用。最高法院在1981年10月16日做出的判决是关于日本法院国际管辖权的指导性判决,它确立了国际民商事管辖权的一般标准,即“正义和合理”标准。管辖权的排除主要表现在以下方面法院选择协议、仲裁协议以及主权和外交豁免。在实践中,下级法院创设了有关国际管辖权的一项规则,即“特殊情势主义”。对于外国的未决诉讼、不方便法院原则、择地行诉和禁诉命令制度,日本的立法或实践以及学者的观点富有特色。     

中国区际法律冲突解决路径探析（下）

“一国两制”所实现的是一种特殊形式的国家统一，这为我国区际法律冲突的产生奠定了坚实的政治和宪法基础。“特殊形式的国家统一”从根本上决定了我国区际法律冲突不是一般意义上的区际法律冲突，也决定了我国区际法律冲突的科学解决必然具有自己的鲜明特色。     

区块链纠纷的民事管辖权配置:法理创新与立法应对

区块链的自动性与透明性特性使其具有增强交易主体彼此之间信任的功能,在民商事领域内被广泛推广,由此触发了越来越多的区块链纠纷。当前流行以区块链社区自治作为解决此类纠纷的管辖手段,其理论依据是区块链初创者主张的"新主权主义"。该理论过于强调区块链社区管辖,从而排除司法的管辖。需要重新审视区块链社区管辖权与司法管辖权之间的辩证统一关系,实现司法管辖为主、社区自治为辅的和谐统一。基于区块链自身的特性,一般法院管辖中的"原告就被告"原则难以适用,专属法院管辖于法无据,应通过修改相关法律来解决这些难题,包括拓展原告所在地管辖原则的适用和增加新的管辖连接点,以及在条件成熟之际建立区块链法院,实现区块链纠纷的专属管辖。     

中国区际法律冲突解决路径探析（上）

“一国两制”所实现的是一种特殊形式的国家统一，这为我国区际法律冲突的产生奠定了坚实的政治和宪法基础。“特殊形式的国家统一”从根本上决定了我国区际法律冲突不是一般意义上的区际法律冲突，也决定了我国区际法律冲突的科学解决必然具有自己的鲜明特色。     

我国涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度的完善

我国现行民事诉讼法有关涉外民商事诉讼管辖权的规定实施已15个春秋,面对新形势下日趋复杂的涉外民商事法律关系以及轰轰烈烈的民事司法改革大潮显然已捉襟见肘。鉴于十届全国人大常委会已将民事诉讼法的修改纳入本届人大立法规划内,这无疑为完善我国涉外民商事诉讼管辖权制度提供了难得的契机。对该制度作一全方位的扫描,着重分析其亟需弥补的缺陷与不足,推动我国国际私法学界对这些问题的深入研究,并对民事诉讼法的修改工作产生持续、有效的影响,是极为必要的。     

论涉外民事案件法律适用的正确路径——以我国司法审判为中心

随着我国对外经济交往的不断扩大,涉外民事案件的数量日益增多。与非涉外民事案件的法律适用相比,涉外民事案件的法律适用更具复杂性。它不仅需要把握法律适用的基本步骤,而且涉及到管辖权归属、民事关系性质以及法律规范本身的属性等一系列重要因素的确定问题。但是,从我国近几年的涉外民事司法判例来看,普遍存在着法律适用的简单化、形式化,甚至一些自相矛盾的现象,既与法律适用的基本理论相悖,也无法适应中国融入全球经济背景下的现实司法要求,亟待加以纠正。     

民事诉讼指定管辖立法规定的问题与完善

从大陆法系国家有关指定管辖的一般理论以及具体立法规定的角度上看,我国现行指定管辖立法存在重大缺陷,这些缺陷涉及指定管辖行为的性质、适用范围、运行程序以及当事人申请指定管辖的权利保障等问题。立法存在的问题主要源于指定管辖立法目的与价值追求上的偏差,立法观念与立法方式上的不足。立法规定存在的问题,一旦受到现实社会诸多不当因素对民事司法活动的影响,会在较大程度上造成指定管辖司法适用上的混乱。为此,需要立法在借鉴域外大陆法系国家有关指定管辖通行理论以及立法规定的基础上,明确指定管辖应有的目标与基本价值追求,矫正对于指定管辖性质及其立法观念问题的认识,以及对于指定管辖适用程序所涉及的诸多问题进行必要的修改、完善。     

The Spanish Constitutional Tribunal's Decision in Guatemalan Generals: Unconditional Universality is Back

On 26 September 2005, the Spanish Constitutional Tribunal reversedthe decisions of the Audiencia Nacional and the High Court (TribunalSupremo) in the case of the Guatemalan Generals. According tothe two judicial bodies, the exercise of universal jurisdictionover international crimes required a link between the crimeor the victims or the offender and Spain, such as the presenceof the offender on Spanish territory or the Spanish nationalityof the victims. The Constitutional Tribunal held, instead, thatthese requirements are contrary to the principle pro actione,i.e. they result in an unjustified restriction of the constitutionalright to effective judicial protection. The Tribunal also clarifiedthat universal jurisdiction, whose aim is fighting impunity,does not require any link other than the universal characterof the values protected by the provisions criminalizing themost serious violations of international law. The presence ofthe accused in Spain is merely a condition for trial, not adistinct ground of jurisdiction; in other words, the accusedmust be in Spain for the trial to begin, but jurisdiction maybe exercised even in his absence, for example for the issuanceof a request for extradition. The only condition to which theexercise of universal jurisdiction is subject is that the stateof the locus commissi delicti is not already investigating andprosecuting the case effectively.     

论我国军事刑事管辖权的困境与出路——以涉外非战争军事行动为视角

在涉外非战争军事行动背景下,维护军事利益的价值目标与军事刑事管辖缺乏域外效力发生冲突。军事刑事管辖应坚持维护国家主权和军事利益原则、对等原则和国内法与国际法相统一原则,尽可能通过谈判,与他国签定建立在平等、互利原则基础之上的部队地位协定。我国军事刑法的属地管辖应扩展至武装部队所至地域或空间,应将外国军人、战俘以及特定形势下的平民犯罪纳入军事刑法管辖范围。     

网络背景下刑事立法的修正

网络世界具有虚拟性、公开性等特点,虽不能独立于现实世界,但也有自身的特点。单纯通过解释传统刑法条文,已无法规制和惩罚网络犯罪,宜采用"渐进的立法方式"对现行刑事立法进行修正。本文建议,应对公私财物进行扩大性解释,将虚拟物纳入刑法的调整范围;承认片面共犯的存在,以适应网络犯罪公开性、跨国界的特点;调整刑事管辖的原则,参加双边及国际条约,加强国际司法协助以应对日益猖獗的网络犯罪。     

Reforming Chinese arbitration law and practices in the global economy

In the last 50 years Chinese arbitration law and practices has made significant contributions to the international commercial arbitration and strides to manage the rapidly increasing caseload associated with a period of amazing growth in economic interactions between Chinese and non-Chinese parties. In the global economy there are rooms for further improvement. The paper proposed some ideas on reforming the Chinese arbitration law and practices on the arbitration system regarding the ad hoc arbitration, panel system and tribunal jurisdiction, interim measures of protection, as well as standards for the judicial review on the arbitral awards.     

International Arbitration and Judicial Politics in Authoritarian States

This article uses the case of Sudan to show how authoritarian regimes benefit from embracing international arbitration, allowing them to maintain domestic control and attract foreign investment. International arbitration ensures that foreign‐investment disputes are resolved outside of domestic purview, obviating the need for nondemocratic states to create independent courts. Research on judicial politics in authoritarian regimes has largely overlooked those private and extra‐judicial pathways—international arbitration tribunals—that illiberal regimes have been taking. Similarly, research in international commercial law has neglected domestic politics, overlooking arbitration's consequences for domestic stakeholders. Promoting international arbitration without paying heed to its side effects can unwittingly help illiberal regimes, particularly in weak states, to continue to repress their judiciaries and curtail the development of domestic legal institutions and the rule of law.     

论国际法在WTO体制中的作用

国际法中的WTO规则以及国际法在WTO争端解决机制中的作用都是我们急待研究的问题。WTO规则是国际法一般规则的一部分。WTO争端解决机制是WTO体制中具有核心作用的机制。WTO争端解决机制不仅仅是适用WTO规则 ,而且还会涉及适用国际法的其它一般规则 ,如国际人权法、国际环境法、国际劳工法等。也就是说 ,WTO的内涵及外延已经超出了经济和贸易的范畴。中国加入WTO就意味着接受国际司法管辖。     

Thoughts on the theories and practice of chinese private international law

“The parties can only choose facultative legal norms,” “the parties of all foreign-related civil and commercial cases may agree to choose Chinese law as the applicable law governing their legal relationship,” and “the applicable law to the contract chosen by the parties shall not avoid the mandatory provisions of Chinese law” —such viewpoints that have substantial influence among the theorists and in the judicial practices of Chinese private international law are actually based on misunderstandings of Chinese private international law. It is a task of the private international law community of China to eliminate such misunderstandings, hence facilitating the healthy development of Chinese private international law.     

美国反托拉斯法上的外资并购控制及启示

在反托拉斯法上,美国对外资并购主要实行国民待遇原则,并从管辖权、实体法和程序法上进行规制,但为避免过度管辖,对外资并购申报规定了四种豁免。在特定产业的外资并购,还必须接受双重审查。我国对外资并购进行干预具有国际法依据,但应坚持国民待遇原则、依法监管和对等原则,合营企业应纳入并购规制范围,并应结合国家产业政策法进行反垄断规制。     

国际贸易行政诉讼审查标准刍议——以WTO体制约束为宏观背景

我国对国际贸易行政行为中的事实问题和法律问题均进行全面深入的审查,审查标准严格。应按照WTO规则要求并借鉴其他国家相关经验,遵循法治发展的一般规律和刮益平衡理念,对我国国际贸易行政诉讼的审查标准进行如下改革:区分国际贸易行政行为中的事实问题和法律问题,确立灵活的审查标准,并将正当程序原则确立为行政诉讼审查标准。