地方政府大部制改革比较分析——兼议大部制改革视角下的政府职能转变

当前，国内各地方政府纷纷开始大部制改革的实践探索和试点，取得了显著成效。例如，深圳的大部制改革旨在寻找部门规模与职能的平衡点；湖北随州的大部制改革经历了从不自觉到自觉的艰难跋涉；广东顺德的大部制改革大刀阔斧意在彻底理顺政府职能关系。深入比较分析各地大部制改革的背景、目标、做法、效果和意义，认清大部制改革与政府职能转变的关系，从而为大部制改革的进一步推行和政府职能的真正转变做出理论贡献。     

深入推进地方大部门制改革的对策研究

新一轮的中央政府机构改革已经启动,地方政府也蓄势待发。在过去一轮的地方政府改革中存在着不少问题,如职能转变不到位,机构设置不合理,人员编制不科学等。深刻分析当前地方政府大部制改革存在的问题,并提出了相关的策略和建议,如准确定位职能,加强立法,推行聘任制等,以期为新一轮的地方政府大部制改革提供一些参考,以便深入推进地方大部门制改革。     

党的十九大后中国新一轮大部制改革的背景和思路

改革开放以来,中国进行了八次大的政府机构改革,从一定意义上讲都是机构裁撤和功能调整的大部制改革。以往的七次大部制改革,取得了机构精简、人员减少、职能转变等成效,但仍然存在着职能重叠、人员冗余、多头管理等问题,尤其是大部制改革一直局限在政府体系内部。十八大明确提出要深化国家机构和行政体制改革,实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,这为大部制改革指引了方向。十九大后,在习近平新时代、新思想的指引下,新一轮大部制改革的总体创新思路是:将政党、人大、政府、司法机关、社会组织、企事业单位和公民个人等多元主体纳入到大部制改革思路的确定中;将"大系统"概念纳入大部制改革机构调整方案中,打破了过去局限于国务院部门之间的"大部制"概念;将加强和优化"党的领导"明确为国家机构调整的重要原则,贯彻到大部制改革全过程之中;将"机构随功能走"或曰"结构功能相匹配"原则落实到机构职能、级别、编制、权能的规范中。经过本次新的大部制改革,今后中国的政府机构必将更加结构合理、功能完整、关系明确、运行高效。     

地方政府"大部制"改革的路径

"大部制"改革是中央确立的行政管理体制改革的重要步骤,目前,国务院已经在"大部制"改革中迈出了实质性的一步。这次国务院机构改革的主要任务是,围绕转变政府职能和理顺部门职责关系,探索实行职能有机统一的大部门体制,合理配置宏观调控部门职能,     

基于大部制模式的地方政府机构改革刍议

推行大部制是地方机构改革的重要创新举措。但作为一场深刻的政府自我革命,地方政府在推行大部制的进程中面临着职责同构、部门利益、机构磨合、代理缺位等诸多困境。为使地方政府大部制改革顺利推进,应采取的策略是:进行政府职责和机构的再设计;科学平衡决策权、执行权和监督权;构建部门协调联动机制;加快社会组织的发展与改革。     

中国大部制改革的价值取向和发展方向

党的十七大报告明确提出了我国机构整合要积极探索职能统一的大部门体制的战略部署。党的十七届二中全会提出了《国务院机构改革方案》,并经过第十一届全国人大第一次会议审议通过,新一轮政府机构改革已经按照大部门体制的要求全面启动,大部门体制改革正在从理念走向实践。本文在回顾西方大部制以及我国政府机构改革状况的基础上,分析此次中国政府改革的价值取向,并提出大部制改革的发展方向。     

英美日俄大部制改革的历程、特征及其启示

梳理英美日俄四国大部制改革的实践与特征,可为中国提供有益启示。英国采取"切香肠"式改革重组大部,部门内设政策局和执行局,由整体性系统改革转向渐进式改革。美国的渐变整合式改革,先合并职能相近部门,再整合跨领域部门;除了部内职能司局外,设置大量独立机构。多元主体参与的日本大部制改革遵循法治化原则,以职能优化为基础重组大部,部内设职能司局、部属外局及独立行政机构。俄罗斯大部制改革具有滞后性,"行政三分"改革导致"二元分化"格局,总统直接管辖的强力部门持续走强。四国大部制改革的国际经验对中国的重要启示是:坚持法治化原则,在尊重国家治理客观规律的前提下,立足本国国情推进大部制改革,以职能优化原则重组大部,以"行政三分"原则构建部内组织运行模式,实施整体性政府建设克服大部制改革的弊端。     

统筹型大部制改革:党政协同与优化高效

以加强党的全面领导为统领,推进党和国家机构职能优化协同高效,形成党政协同与优化高效、新型的统筹型大部制改革。改革要坚持和加强党的全面领导、围绕目标体系统筹改革设计、着眼职能转变推进政府改革。改革从三职能到五职能、从微调到深度重组、从分设到党政协同、从议事协调到决策等方面进行体制创新。党政机构职能机构体系的统筹、部门间职权职责划分与协调、部门调整后职能与机构融合、机构重组人事安排与分流人员、依法推进各类组织机构改革问题,尚有待通过理论探索与现实实践予以解决。     

大部制改革:理性定位与战略设计

准确定位与科学规划是大部制改革尚待解决的两个基本问题.大部制改革是以结构优化并精简机构为目标的机构重组行为,是行政体制改革的阶段性任务.进行大部制改革应从内外两个维度制定战略设计,即以机构重组为中心优化部门结构、职能结构、层级结构,以调整政府与社会职能关系为主线理顺政企关系、政社关系和政事关系.     

大部制:深化政府机构改革的新探索

改革开放以来,我国先后进行了5次大的行政管理体制改革后,行政管理体制仍面临着机构重叠、职能交叉、政出多门、机构精简一膨胀一再精简等问题.突破这些问题的关键是转变政府职能,政府机构是职能的载体,政府机构改革是转变政府职能的关键.探索实行职能有机统一的大部制是建立精干岛效的政府机构的有效方式,是一项带有探索件、创造性的改革举措,是深化政府机构改革的新探索.     

2010年中国政治学研究综述

前些年,不少学者热衷于介绍和研究西方昙花一现的政治理论,自去年以来,这种追风的现象已经趋冷。2010年的政治学研究主要关注了国家理论、政党理论、政治思潮、民主问题、政治学学科和方法论。由此可以看出,中国的政治学研究进一步向传统的研究主题回归,进一步趋向理性。     

案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立

案卷排他性原则是现代听证制度的核心。我国目前的价格决策听证制度并没有确立案卷排他性原则,致使政府价格决策听证常常流于形式。案卷排他性原则在我国政府价格决策听证中的确立,不仅具有必要性.而且具有可行性。     

The Rise of Resilience in Education in Emergencies

ABSTRACT

This article explores how resilience as a concept is being increasingly mobilised within the Education in Emergencies (EiE) community. Using content and a close textual analysis, it identifies the concept's growth in prominence within key EiE documents arguing it has been employed to serve a range of different purposes. It contends, however, that dominant conceptualisations of resilience within the EiE community are reflective of a number of shifts around the problem, subjects and purposes of education provision in such conflict-affected contexts. This serves to limit the transformative potential of resilience, particularly in regards to contributing to positive peace.     

Performance of local councils in the collection of revenue in Bangladesh

Local councils in Bangladesh have been provided with several sources of revenue that can be utilized for the maintenance of the councils, as well as the initiation of developmental projects. The union and upazila level councils have fared miserably in collection of such revenue. An examination of twelve upazilas during 1986–90 demonstrates that their performance has been affected by a lack of administrative support for the task, a dearth of adequate knowledge and skills on the part of local leaders and a failure to plan carefully on the part of the government. The Ordinances through which they have been established did not identify realistic sources of revenue nor did they provide guidelines on their utilization. Consequently, collection of revenue is done in an arbitrary and disorganized manner. It is recommended that adequate and appropriate administrative structures are developed and that proper training is provided to enhance the knowledge and skills of local leaders and to enable the councils to perform the task of revenue collection efficiently. Some suggestions are presented to utilize properly the market facilities, which appear to be highly potent sources for the generation of revenue.     

Problems of co-ordination in upazila administration in Bangladesh

The present government of Bangladesh has extensively reformed the administrative system and upgraded the previous thana to upazila (sub-district) to serve as the focal point of development administration. A new tier of local government called Upazila Parishad (UZP) has been created and a large number of functions have been devolved to this institution along with the placement of central government employees at its disposal. The reformers argue that the present system will remove the inadequacies of the previous administrative system and will bring about an improvement in the co-ordination of field services at the upazila level. However, the actual situation represents a totally different picture. The desired integration— both vertical and horizontal—and co-ordination in local level planning is non-existent due to the absence of any clear direction from the central government. Proper co-ordination among the field services in the upazila administration does not exist due to the anomalous relation between the upazila and the national government, including excessive central control; the involvement of multiple agencies of the central government in guiding and supervising; ambiguity in government thinking; the absence of clarification from the ministries concerned and agencies on the timing of different development programmes; and conflict over the allocation of resources. There is also conflict between the different tiers of local government in respect of authority and resources. Relations between public representatives and officials at the upazila level are strained because a clear allocation of authority to political executives is lacking; areas for co-operation among different agencies have not been clarified; and public representatives and government officials lack mutual respect.     

中国政府全面质量管理系统的构建

全面质量管理是一门内涵丰富的管理哲学、管理思想,同时也是一种有效的管理技术和管理工具,全面质量管理在企业中的应用取得了重大成效,西方国家将全面质量管理应用于政府部门同样取得了明显的效果.中国同样具有推行政府全面质量管理的基础条件,通过开展政府全面质量管理的基础性工作,树立"顾客导向",建构政府内部持续改进机制,建立政府全面质量管理质量保证体系,将全面质量管理的管理理念和管理方法引入中国政府部门.构建中国政府全面质量管理系统,从而提高政府工作绩效和公众的满意度.     

An analysis of mechanisms used by CSOs in the promotion of community participation in governance in Kenya

Civil society organizations (CSOs) are often perceived to provide the magic bullet to complex societal problems including alternative approaches that ensure good governance. Fresh new research is therefore needed due to the prevailing paradox of escalating governance challenges in Kenya despite CSOs efforts to address the same. This paper specifically seeks to understand mechanisms that CSOs use as they seek to intervene in governance issues in Kenya. It links persistent poor governance happening at the counties to inadequate mechanisms used by CSOs. It argues that CSOs have not been bold enough to confront poor governance but, instead, have used superficial mechanisms with little outcomes. They have particularly focused on providing trainings and creating awareness and have shied away from more direct engagement with poor governance such as monitoring utilization of public funds. The study methodology involved a survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth face to face interviews. The tools used included a survey questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and In-depth Interview guide. Among the recommendations are that CSOs need to go beyond creating awareness and trainings and engage with governance issues more directly using well-tried mechanisms.     

The Reform of the Local Administration in Spain in Terms of Population

Spanish Local Corporations are playing an increasingly important role in the provision of public services without reducing their function of consolidation and structuring of the current sociopolitical system. This reality implies an increase in their need of financial funds without new compensation resources. Also, there is a certain tendency to loose population in many counties along with a greater organic and territorial dispersion that accelerates their financial weakening. This makes necessary to find management alternatives ensuring the appropriate provision of local public services and thus the Local Corporation reform becomes an alternative. In this context, the present paper approaches the analysis and the results based upon a territorial balance criterion on the population and its distribution, aiming ultimately to design an indicator able to measure the need of the Spanish local government structure according to its population and the size of its municipalities. This indicator might measure the regional impact to any variation both in the distribution of its population and in the number of municipalities.     

全球化背景下经典文化教育的价值取向

全球化对我国教育的冲击是深刻的,经典文化教育是应对挑战所必需的选择之一。经典文化具有时代性、开放性和包容性,对成就一个人以及提高整个国民素质都有重要的意义与价值。经典文化教育在学校教育应有所作为。     

工科院校英汉双语教学中英语运用度

文中通过＂英语运用度＂这一指标对双语教学模式进行了划分,通过对在工科院校双语教学中的实际教学效果对比研究,对制约双语教学中英语应用度的各项因素进行了详细研究分析,阐述了工科教学时开展双语教学工作应解决的重要问题和解决问题的措施,并给出了＂英语运用度＂的最佳取值范围。