脑外伤所致精神障碍司法鉴定400例分析

目的探讨精神疾病司法鉴定中颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的临床特征及相关因素。方法收集脑外伤后司法鉴定案例资料,按照神经外科GCS评分把脑损伤所致精神障碍鉴定案例分为重型(A组)、中型(B组)及轻型(C组)颅脑损伤;对案例的临床症状进行分析,根据中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第三版)(CCMD-3)进行精神障碍诊断,并探索临床症状与脑外伤程度之间的关系。结果轻、中度颅脑损伤所致精神障碍以器质性神经症样综合征最多见。重度颅脑损伤所致精神障碍中以智能损害综合征为多。三组间有显著性差异(P≤0.01)。结论在精神疾病司法鉴定中,不同严重程度的颅脑损伤所致的精神障碍有不同的临床特征。     

关于进一步规范精神疾病司法鉴定执业活动的几点思考

精神疾病司法鉴定问题一直以来备受公众责难,处理不好将影响社会公共安全和秩序,并对精神疾病患者的合法权益造成损害。解决此问题的关键是要认清精神疾病司法鉴定的特点,进一步规范精神疾病司法鉴定的执业活动,并在此基础之上正确厘清审判职能与鉴定功能的关系,以确保精神疾病司法鉴定活动的顺利进行。     

关于精神发育不全司法鉴定的责任能力评定

精神发育不全者出现违法行为涉及法律问题,而需作司法精神医学鉴定的案例,目前在司法鉴定中已占相当重要的地位.在其责任能力评定上如何有一个相对统一的标准,是当前司法精神医学鉴定工作者共同关心的问题之一.本文分析了上海市精神卫生中心1982～1988年精神发育不全司法鉴定案例共110例.占全部案例11.6%,占鉴定诊断结果患有精神疾病案例数18.8%.根据其作案类型,作案次数、作案动机、预谋、自我保护能力及对行为的辨认、控制能力等诸方面进行分析、探讨精神发育不全司法鉴定的责任能力评定问题.     

涉嫌暴力犯罪精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征分析

目的探讨法医精神病学鉴定中精神障碍患者涉嫌暴力犯罪的犯罪学和人口学特征。方法采用自编法医精神病学鉴定案例登记表,对符合标准的206例被鉴定者进行犯罪学特征和人口学资料的收集。根据鉴定诊断分为精神障碍组(167例,81%)、无精神病组(39例,19%),对两组的犯罪学特征和一般人口学资料进行对比分析。结果精神障碍暴力犯罪者男性为154例(92.2%),女性13例(7.8%),40岁以下者133例(79.6%),小学文化水平以下者93例(57.7%),农民和无业者133例(79.6%),未婚者和婚姻家庭不健全者104例(62.3%),并且与无精神病组相比在人口学资料上的差别无统计学意义。精神障碍组与无精神病组比较分析发现作案预谋(2χ=40.22,p<0.01)、目标确定(2χ=32.843,p<0.01)、作案后表现(2χ=36.979,p<0.01)、作案动机(2χ=82.333,p<0.01)、与被害人的关系(2χ=23.138,p<0.01)、自称遗忘(2χ=36.229,p<0.01)方面差异有统计学意义。结论精神障碍患者的暴力犯罪多为突发性,常无预谋,目标多为临时确定,多无动机或动机不明确,缺乏自我保护意识,作案后多无反侦查表现。无论有无精神障碍,暴力犯罪者多为40岁以下未婚青壮年男性,且文化水平大多较低,农民和无业人员居多。     

具有凶杀行为的抑郁症与精神分裂症患者的作案特征对比

目的探讨抑郁症与精神分裂症患者凶杀行为司法精神病学鉴定的作案特征。方法将具有凶杀行为的抑郁症(抑郁发作)患者为研究组,共40例;随机抽取具有凶杀行为的精神分裂症患者为对照组,共50例。自制调查表收集两组的一般人口学资料、作案特征等相关数据,并进行比较。结果研究组和对照组的年龄、接受教育时间、职业差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,研究组被害对象多为子女和父母,在杀人后多有自杀行为(70%),凶杀原因以扩大性和间接性自杀为主,以往多有自杀未遂(85%)。研究组以限制刑事责任能力者为主(70%),对照组以无刑事责任能力者为主(56%)。除案发地点外,其他作案特征两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论抑郁症与精神分裂症患者凶杀行为司法精神病鉴定的作案特征存在不同,精神病司法鉴定中应需在鉴别诊断时加以考虑。     

癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征研究

目的探讨法医精神病学鉴定中癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征。方法采用自编法医精神病学鉴定案例登记表,对98例癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征进行研究。依据CCMD-3划分为精神病性症状组(51例,52.04%)、人格改变组(42例,42.65%)和智能障碍组(5例,5.31%),并对精神病性症状组与人格改变组犯罪学特征对照分析。结果癫痫所致精神障碍患者违法犯罪者以未婚、青年男性农民为主。其犯罪学特征主要是被鉴定人与被害人双方关系一般(44.9%),无作案前预谋(53.1%),作案目标临时确定(69.4%),使用暴力手段(88.8%),无明显作案诱因(67.3%),作案目的以报复居多(40.4%),现实作案动机(42.9%),作案结果既遂(89.8%),作案次数以1次为主(88.8%),作案类型以凶杀(46.9%)为主,作案后多无自称遗忘(65.3%),作案后多以停留现场、不潜逃等非反侦查表现(57.1%)为主。精神病性症状组和人格改变组在作案预谋(χ2=27.64)、作案目的(χ2=13.0386)、作案动机(χ2=23.5290)和作案后表现(χ2=19.3591)方面的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.005),作案目的以报复为主、作案动机以现实动机为主。结论癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征有多以无作案前预谋,多以报复为主要目的,作案后多无反侦查表现。与以精神病性症状为主要表现者相比,以人格改变为主要表现者多在现实动机下以报复为主要目的进行作案,因此在法医精神病学鉴定时应予重视。     

57例无精神病司法鉴定分析

目的:探讨无精神病司法鉴定案例的特点。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,对57例符合入组标准的案例资料进行统计分析。结果:无精神病作案的动机和目的,作案方式,案后自我保护能力,"精神症状"及提出鉴定的理由均具有一定的特点。结论:多因素综合分析有助于无精神病案例的司法鉴定。     

涉嫌暴力犯罪精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征分析

目的 探讨法医精神病学鉴定中精神障碍患者涉嫌暴力犯罪的犯罪学和人口学特征.方法 采用自编法医精神病学鉴定案例登记表,对符合标准的206例被鉴定者进行犯罪学特征和人口学资料的收集.根据鉴定诊断分为精神障碍组（167例,81%）、无精神病组（39例,19%）,对两组的犯罪学特征和一般人口学资料进行对比分析.结果 精神障碍暴力犯罪者男性为154例（92.2%）,女性13例（7.8%）,40岁以下者133例（79.6%）,小学文化水平以下者93例（57.7%）,农民和无业者133例（79.6%）,未婚者和婚姻家庭不健全者104例（62.3%）,并且与无精神病组相比在人口学资料上的差别无统计学意义.精神障碍组与无精神病组比较分析发现作案预谋（χ^2=40.22,p＜0.01）、目标确定（χ^2=32.843,p＜0.01）、作案后表现（χ^2=36.979,p＜0.01）、作案动机（χ^2=82.333,p＜0.01）、与被害人的关系（χ^2=23.138,p＜0.01）、自称遗忘（χ^2=36.229,p＜0.01）方面差异有统计学意义.结论 精神障碍患者的暴力犯罪多为突发性,常无预谋,目标多为临时确定,多无动机或动机不明确,缺乏自我保护意识,作案后多无反侦查表现.无论有无精神障碍,暴力犯罪者多为40岁以下未婚青壮年男性,且文化水平大多较低,农民和无业人员居多.     

论刑事诉讼中的精神疾病司法鉴定

刑事诉讼中的精神疾病司法鉴定通常在＂有鉴定必要时＂启动,精神疾病司法鉴定人出席庭审,鉴定意见在法庭上接受质证,但是法官并不完全受制于鉴定意见。我国刑事诉讼中精神疾病司法鉴定属于职权型启动,当事人的相关权利保障不足,精神疾病司法鉴定的意见难以在庭审时接受充分质证,对精神疾病司法鉴定意见的采信缺乏统一的规则。应当加强我国司法机关运用职权启动精神疾病司法鉴定的义务,鉴定人原则上应当出庭,并规范法官对精神疾病司法鉴定意见的采信。     

癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征研究

目的探讨法医精神病学鉴定中癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征。方法采用自编法医精神病学鉴定案例登记表，对98例癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征进行研究。依据CCMD-3划分为精神病性症状组（51例，52．04％）、人格改变组（42例，42．65％）和智能障碍组（5例，5．31％），并对精神病性症状组与人格改变组犯罪学特征对照分析。结果癫痫所致精神障碍患者违法犯罪者以未婚、青年男性农民为主。其犯罪学特征主要是被鉴定人与被害人双方关系一般（44．9％），无作案前预谋（53．1％），作案目标临时确定（69．4％），使用暴力手段（88．8％），无明显作案诱因（67．3％），作案目的以报复居多（40．4％），现实作案动机（42．9％），作案结果既遂（89．8％），作案次数以1次为主（88．8％），作案类型以凶杀（46．9％）为主，作案后多无自称遗忘（65．3％），作案后多以停留现场、不潜逃等非反侦查表现（57．1％）为主。精神病性症状组和人格改变组在作案预谋（X^2=27．64）、作案目的（X^2=13．0386）、作案动机（X^2=23．5290）和作案后表现（X^2=19．3591）方面的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．005），作案目的以报复为主、作案动机以现实动机为主。结论癫痫所致精神障碍患者的犯罪学特征有多以无作案前预谋，多以报复为主要目的，作案后多无反侦查表现。与以精神病性症状为主要表现者相比，以人格改变为主要表现者多在现实动机下以报复为主要目的进行作案，因此在法医精神病学鉴定时应予重视。     

Roles of Psychopathic Personality,Mental Health,and Recidivism in Criminal Behavior: Survey of Brunei Inmates

The survey investigated the contributions of sociodemographics, psychopathic personality, mental health, and recidivism to criminal behavior in a random sample of 64 Brunei convicts representing both genders. Participants committed five major types of crime related to stealing, drugs, sex, violence, and deception. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed gender, age, the inmates’ marital status and marital status of the inmates’ parents as significant demographic predictors of criminality. Multinomial logistic regression analysis identified the demographic, psychopathic, and mental health variables that were related to committing the specific crimes. Significant psychopathic predictors were interpersonal and affective (stealing-related offenses), interpersonal and affective (drug crimes), interpersonal (sex offenders), and interpersonal (violent/ aggressive felonies). The best mental health predictors included: depression and psychoticism (stealing-related offenses); depression, hostility, and psychoticism (drug crimes); psychoticism (sex offenses); and depression, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism (violence/aggression). Binary logistic regression analysis showed male gender and inmates with married parents as the main predictors of recidivism (while other variables with high odds for re-offending included age-group 30–35, inmates with primary education, affective, lifestyle, antisocial, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism). Future research which incorporates interviews with probes and appropriate interventions to address crimes were recommended.     

Differentiation between drug use and environmental contamination when testing for drugs in hair

Personality disorders are associated with criminality and antisocial and borderline personalities as strong predictors of violence. Nevertheless antisocial patients show more instrumental violence, while borderline patients more emotional violence. We surveilled medical records of a personality disorder facility, searching data of aggression and crimes against property among 11 patients with antisocial personality disorder and 19 borderline personality disorder. We found that there are differences regarding engagement in violence and lawbreaking according to the personality disorder: antisocial patients statistically engage more in crimes against property than the borderline patients, and more in this kind of crime than in aggression, whilst borderline patients show a tendency to engage more in episodes of aggression and physical violence than antisocial patients, and less in crimes against property. We conclude that the distinct personality leads to a distinct pattern of crimes and violence: antisocial patients are cold and get more involved in crimes requiring more detailed planning, whilst borderline patients are impulsive and engage in explosive episodes of physical violence. Further studies on the association among personality disorder, behavior pattern and violence type may be useful for both treatment and criminal profiling.     

Exploring Agreement on Appropriate Responses to Domestic Violence and Sexual Trauma Across Victim Advocates,Mental Health Service Providers,and Substance Abuse Treatment Providers

Abstract

Research suggests that survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault are more at risk than the general population for substance abuse and/or mental health disorders (Kendler et al., 2000). Additionally, research suggests that survivors of both crimes are at risk to be “multiply diagnosed-have” a history of victimization, a mental health diagnosis, and abuse of alcohol and drugs (Steele & Rechberger, 2002). While advocates have called for a change in the treatment of trauma survivors to treat their multiple needs, the availability of collaborative care between victim advocates and behavioral health professionals remains questionable. Using survey data collected from victim advocates, mental health service providers, and substance abuse treatment providers, this study assesses the extent to which providers of different backgrounds agree on how to effectively and appropriately serve domestic violence and sexual assault survivors-the first step in achieving the goal of holistic care.     

Prosecuting Violence, Performing Sovereignty: The Trial of Dusko Tadic

This article is a critical reading of the contemporary international legal regulation of warfare and an analysis of war crimes trials as ``sovereignty-producing practices'. Whereas proponents of international law optimistically presume that the advent of war crimes tribunals signifies a humanitarian-inspired erosion of sovereignty in the international system, this article shows that legislating violence in war exemplifies an international commitment to structures which normalize war and violence while individualizing, dehistoricizing and depoliticizing criminal acts. This analysis focuses on the first trial of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia which convicted Dusko Tadic of war crimes and crimes against humanity.     

严重暴力犯罪案件的特点及处置对策

严重暴力犯罪案件通常具有犯罪的预谋性、发案的突然性，危害的连续性和拒捕的凶残性特点，且不确定的因素增多，对参与处置行动的人民警察构成巨大的威胁。人民警察在处置严重暴力犯罪案件行动时，往往由于情况未明、准备仓促，过分轻敌、心存侥幸等导致较大伤亡。因此，我们在处置严重暴力犯罪案件行动时，必须吸取近年来处置严重暴力犯罪案件时种种血的教训，紧紧围绕国家法律的有关规定，根据严重暴力犯罪案件的不同特点，立足于现有武器装备和当地的实际，多措并举，依法制止严重暴力犯罪，尽量避免或减少人员伤亡、财产损失和恶劣的社会影响，努力提高公安机关处置严重暴力犯罪案件的能力。     

A media violence-inspired juvenile sexual homicide offender 13 years later

No follow-up studies exist on how minors who commit sexual homicides adjust once released back into the community. This is an important question given the extreme nature of their crimes, lack of recidivism data, and the expectation that one-half of them will be freed from prison by mid-life. Likewise, no studies exist on the role our culture's pervasive media violence plays in these offenses. This report describes a 13-year-old boy who committed a witnessed media violence-inspired sexual homicide. Follow-up information is provided on his community adjustment as an adult four years after release from prison. He had multiple indicators of brain dysfunction, and watched a "slasher" film just before committing the blitz style crime upon a female neighbor. Media violence literature is reviewed--against a backdrop of developmental abnormalities, neuropsychiatric vulnerabilities, family dysfunction, and mental illness. This case illustrates how the confluence of such variables, combined with the tinder of erotic screen violence, may lead to sexual murder.     

TRENDS IN VIOLENT CRIME AMONG EX-MENTAL PATIENTS

A central component of the public's conception of the mentally ill is that they are dangerous. This belief receives support from recent studies of the arrest rates of ex-mental patients which suggest that arrests for violent crimes have increased. In order to investigate this issue, samples were taken at two points in time. Analysis of arrest rates revealed that very few ex-mental patients were subsequently arrested for violent crimes, although these rates were higher and increasing faster than these of the general population. Mast significant were the findings that subsequent arrests were best explained by the number of prior arrests and that the percentage of patients with a history of criminal behavior has increased dramatically over time. The implications of these trends in violent crime among ex-mental patients for the perceived link between mental illness and violence and for the social control functions of society are discussed.     

Explanations for violent behaviour—An interview study among forensic in-patients

The alleged relation between mental disorder and violent criminal behaviour has been investigated mainly from an epidemiological perspective. Population-based registry studies have shown that violence occurs more frequently among people with mental disorders, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, compared with control subjects, but that the increased risk is largely mediated by drug abuse and socio-economic deprivation. The aim of this study was to explore how patients who have committed violent or sexual crimes and have been sentenced to forensic psychiatric care by a Swedish court of law construed their criminal actions in terms of causes. Forty-six participants from six different Swedish forensic psychiatric clinics were included in the study. A semi-structured interview study was conducted and the data was analysed using a thematic analysis. A large group of the participants did not believe that the mental disorder played any role in the criminal events. Contributing causes that were mentioned were drug abuse and social factors.     

Women Police Stations as a Dispute Processing System

Abstract

In 1992, the Tamil Nadu State government in India began to introduce all-women police stations whose primary role is to deal with crimes against women, including family violence and dowry disputes. Dowry giving is a customary practice in India, which often results in disputes between young wives and their new families. As a result, the young women may be subjected to physical and mental ill treatment, sometimes resulting in death. Using detailed data from 474 case records and interviews with 60 dowry victims, the present study examines how women police stations serve as a dispute processing system, and describes the services extended by the stations to the victims of dowry disputes. Many cases were successfully resolved and violence was frequently reduced. The study holds implications for the extension of training in dispute resolution for women police in India.     

Sexual violence perpetrated against women in India: the role of forensic evidence

ABSTRACT

In response to the upsurge in acts of sexual violence against women in India, Parliament passed the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act of 2013, amending existing statutes and rules of evidence relating to crimes of sexual violence and the practices of forensic professionals in the country. While a step in the right direction, this law paid little attention to forensic evidence in sexual violence cases, which can provide a more objective, scientific account of events, aid in the reconstruction of crimes, and help strengthen cases against perpetrators. The objectives of this article are twofold: to raise awareness for the need for a more prominent role of forensic evidence in sexual violence cases and to recommend ways to establish uniform and comprehensive policies and procedures on the collection and preservation of forensic evidence in order to ensure that cases of sexual violence against women are heard in Indian courts.