马克思恩格斯对现代城市的批判性认识及其历史意义

马克思恩格斯通过深入考察资本主义现实生活，开辟出一条将资本主义生产方式与19世纪“早期工业城市”的空间形态联系起来的现代城市批判路径，其所确立的现代城市观集中于资本积累、产业革命、政治变革及日常生活四个维度进行逻辑展开和批判。马克思恩格斯关于现代城市批判认识的历史意义就在于对主宰现代城市生活的资本逻辑的根本扬弃，对人作为城市价值轴心的根本复归，对资本主义城市现代性的超越以及由此生发出对未来城市社会的美好展望，并在方法论上为新时代人民城市建设提供了重要启示。     

社会结构 、文化精神与资本主义

一资本主义何以在西方兴起和何以未能在中国兴起 ,这一问题曾是吸引东西方学者广泛关注的命题。无论是探讨文化与经济发展的关系 ,还是在现代化理论和现代化起源的研究中 ,韦伯学说几乎始终是学术界关注的中心 ,当然往往也是引起争议的中心。正确解读“韦伯命题”的本义———资本主义在西方社会兴起的制度条件和社会结构条件 ,对于我们深入认识资本主义发展的历史进程不无帮助。韦伯的观点通常被理解为从精神层面来解释资本主义兴起与发展。他生前发表的最重要的著作《新教伦理与资本主义精神》一书 ,就集中阐述了这一观点。一直到最近仍有…     

时代背景·理论来源·内在逻辑——“政治马克思主义”的“转型资本主义”批判理论探析

“政治马克思主义”是当代国外马克思主义的重要流派,在当代国外马克思主义学界中具有重要的影响。围绕“超越资本主义”的理论主题“,政治马克思主义”构建了“转型资本主义”批判理论。“转型资本主义”批判理论是在全球化、当代资本主义的变化、社会主义的曲折发展、新社会运动和当代西方左派思潮的兴起的背景下产生的。“政治马克思主义”的“转型资本主义”批判理论的理论资源包括经典马克思主义的资本主义批判理论、西方马克思主义的资本主义批判理论、近代西方学者的财产理论、当代西方左派学者的现代性思想等。“政治马克思主义”始终坚持马克思的历史唯物主义的方法,围绕资本主义起源、全球化、民族国家和国际关系、超越资本主义等问题展开了论述,形成了系统的理论体系,这有助于深化对当代资本主义的本质和发展趋势的认识,也对正确处理与资本主义国家的关系,构建互利共赢的新型国际关系具有重要的启发。     

马克思现代城市思想及其启示

从城乡关系出发把握人类历史,是马克思历史观的重要视角.马克思认为,现代社会的历史就是城市主导农村的历史,就是人类活动以现代城市网络为骨架来展开的历史;考察现代城市,至少要从城市与农村、城市与自然、城市与人口、城市的资本经营性与人民性、城市与城市这五方面的关系来入手.马克思的现代城市思想对当代中国城镇化实践具有重要启示作用,它提示我们走文明的城镇化道路,走绿色城市的发展道路,走人口与城市协调发展的道路,走以人民为中心的城市建设道路,走与邻为善、以邻为伴的包容式发展道路.     

浅论中西封建城市功能的差异

城市是一种社会性质的组织和结构,西方的封建城市是自由的渊薮,就像一个堡垒一样,有市场有法庭,有自己的法律,还有自己的行会组织,西方城市中的经济色彩偏浓一些,但是越到后来其政治色彩会愈加明显。而中国的封建城市始终成为统治者奴役被统治者的地域,贵族官僚成为城市的寄生者,起初政治色彩偏浓一些,随着封建社会的发展经济色彩会变得尤为重要。试从中西封建城市兴起的途径开始谈起,通过对比城市之间的功能,分析中西封建城市发展的走向,从而映射出城市在中西封建社会发展中的重要性。     

从韦伯的合法性理论看转型期中国政治合法性基础

西方近现代,特别是马克斯.韦伯的政治合法性问题的研究对中国的政治合法性基础的建构有着重要的意义。透过韦伯理论,结合中国的具体情况,将转型中国政治合法性的基础建立在法治的基础上,是我们的重要选择。这对于丰富中国语境下政治合法性理论、推动社会主义法治国家的建设、建设和谐社会都具有重要价值。     

城市政治:研究进路与知识协同

城市化于外在看是一种经济现象,究其质里则是政治在城市的空间投射,隐藏着权力与权利的张力逻辑。如何正确看待城市化进程中的异化问题与实现城市治理的社会回归,呼吁城市政治学的理论阐释。遵循权力与权利的博弈逻辑,西方城市政治研究经历了精英论与多元论、增长机器论与城市机制论、公共选择论与新区域主义论等流派,成为解构西方城市政治现象的理论工具。在借鉴国外有益研究成果的基础上,我国城市政治研究开始了本土化创新,当前聚焦于城市空间政治、城市权力与权利、城市政治结构、城市抗争运动等多维论域,初步回应了城市化进程的理论诉求,也提出了中国城市政治学的建构愿景。     

试析消费主义及其在中国的兴起

一、西方消费主义的兴起 马克思、恩格斯指出，“每一时代的经济生产以及必然由此产生的社会结构，是该时代政治的、精神的、历史的基础”。消费主义的兴起是资本主义发展到特定的经济和社会阶段的产物。     

克制、勤奋、节俭、追求财富以完成“天职”

《新教伦理和资本主义精神》是马克斯.韦伯关于宗教研究的开篇之作。主要论述了新教伦理和资本主义精神的选择性亲和。同时引发了一场关于资本主义起源问题的争论。试图综合各种观点,提出了资本主义起源的经济决定论和文化决定论。然而,在当今高度现代性的流动社会中,其理论失去了现实意义,从而引发了韦伯命题的反思。所以,试图从方法论上来审视,对韦伯社会科学方法论在实践中进行反思。     

刘少奇关于城市接管中发挥资本主义作用的思想

经过28年的艰苦奋战,中国共产党带领中国人民最终取得了抗战的全面胜利,在1948和1949年中国共产党开始对一些城市进行接管工作,在城市接管过程中由于战争遗留问题和党在城市接管上和城市经济建设经验上的缺乏,导致党在城市接管初期面临着一系列新问题与新挑战。刘少奇等中央领导同志将马克思主义基本原理同中国革命建设的具体实践相结合,提出了要在城市接管中正确发挥资本主义作用这一独到思想,不仅对党早期进行城市接管和开展经济建设产生了巨大的影响,时至今日对于中国特色社会主义各项建设发展的指导仍具有重大的指导意义。     

DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING PRACTICES AND VALUES IN NORTH–SOUTH CITY PARTNERSHIPS: TOWARDS A BROADER UNDERSTANDING OF MUTUALITY

This article addresses twinning between local governments in North and South, contributing to the past decade's discourse on institutional twinning in this journal. Local governments have increasingly become recognised as relevant actors in international development cooperation through city‐to‐city cooperation structures, which have been praised as an effective mechanism for local government capacity building. This article discusses the learning practices and the extent to which new knowledge is valued and adopted by twinning participants in both North and South and moreover whether learning benefits are mutual. In a study of three partnerships between Dutch municipalities and partner cities in Peru, South Africa and Nicaragua, 36 participants were interviewed. The findings reveal that learning in city‐to‐city partnerships is not mutual between North and South and that the benefits of ‘shared learning’—a rhetoric commonly used in the twinning discourse—are limited. Instead, other opportunities for mutuality arise for Northern municipalities from political and strategic benefits, such as staff loyalty and motivation. Mutuality in twinning hence deserves a broader interpretation than learning alone so that twinning benefits can be identified and maximised for both North and South, keeping cities interested and motivated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Safe Labour Suburbia? The Changing Politics of the Merseyside Suburbs

Over the past twenty‐five years, safe Conservative seats in the affluent Merseyside suburbs have instead become safe Labour seats. This remarkable political transition poses an important puzzle for students of voting behaviour. Analysis of voting patterns since 1979 underlines the exceptional scale of the shift to Labour on Merseyside compared with other metropolitan areas. Yet, substantial swings to Labour in suburban constituencies like Sefton Central and Wirral South in 2015 and 2017 cannot be explained with reference to wider evidence of the party's increased support among younger, more diverse, cosmopolitan populations. It is shown that Labour dominance on Merseyside has occurred via three distinct phases, with the political map of the city‐region turning red, over time, from the core outwards. Explanations rooted in the changing relationship between the city and its suburbs are argued to best explain the emergence of Merseyside as a ‘red conurbation’.     

Inadequate adaptation of creative city paradigm? Taiwanese cultural and creative-led urban regeneration policies through the eyes of urban development experts

Like other East Asian countries, Taiwan has in the last decade experienced the transmission and adaptation of creative city policies, coming mainly from western urban planning models. This quite fast and at times insufficiently reflected adaptation of cultural and creative-led urban regeneration schemes has left marks on both the social and physical fabric of Taiwanese cities. Using interview evidence and combining it with a modified Delphi method to analyse the outcomes of implementating creative city policies, the article explores the potential emergence of new shifts, i.e. re-orientations of Taiwan's creative city policies.     

Thoughts on building a just market society

This paper explores the tensions that exist in contemporary society between the individual as citizen and the individual as consumer. The power of the global market place can potentially drive the polity, so it is necessary to raise questions about the means to secure a healthy civic and political life. Financial capitalism, knowledge capitalism and social capitalism are explored as a means of understanding the nature of modern market capitalism. Can financial knowledge and social capitalism be turned into a virtuous circle of innovation, growth and social progress? The paper suggests that trust is the glue, the cement of a just society, and the dimensions of this trust are explored. Finally, the paper examines the nature of stakeholder society. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications     

借鉴经验,着力发展北京现代服务业核心产业群

加强对世界城市核心产业群的研究,以有效确立北京的核心产业群和核心竞争力,对北京现代服务业发展具有重要战略指导意义.本文根据世界城市发展的经验,提出了北京现服务业的核心产业群的范畴及其发展的基本思路和举措.     

Comparing Central City Finances Using Fiscally Standardized Cities

Abstract

Because fiscal institutions and arrangements differ widely across US cities, it has until now been very difficult to conduct comparative analysis of spending, revenues, and debt in US cities. This paper describes a new city fiscal dataset, called fiscally standardized cities (FiSCs), that directly addresses the varying roles of municipal governments, counties, school districts, and special districts in the financing of central cities. By taking systematic account of fiscal data for all the major units of government in large cities over a long time period (1977–2012), the FiSC data permit investigation of a wide range of important comparative policy issues for cities. The article describes the methodology used to construct FiSCs, and gives a number of examples to illustrate the potential uses of the FiSC data. For example, it shows how spending comparisons between cities can be fundamentally misleading unless account is taken of the varying roles of overlapping governmental units. It also demonstrates how the FiSC data can be used to benchmark fiscal data for one city against comparable cities.     

Values and concepts in Max Weber's comparative studies

Abstract. This restatement of Max Weber's methodological position takes as its point of departure a point-by-point response to a critique by Talcott Parsons of the author's rejection of system, function and evolution as basic concepts of sociological theory – and of studies of political development. In turn, Weber's position that is 'intermediate' between materialism and idealism, the purpose of his typological approach, and of his comparative studies are discussed. The last part of the paper restates Weber's position on 'ideal types' and examines their assets and liabilities through an analysis of contrast-conceptions.     

Political Advertising in Greek Municipal and Prefecture Elections of 2002

Abstract

Since the restoration of democracy in 1974, Greek politics have undergone a serious transformation, exemplified by the increase in political participation that strongly affected political advertising at the national and local level. The major claim of the paper is that political campaigns in major cities in Greece are “modern” while in the periphery of the country political campaigning is based more upon direct forms of interpersonal relations. Our claim is based upon an examination of the role of political advertising in the major metropolitan city of Thessaloniki (around 1.000.000 inhabitants), and the semi-peripheral city of Kastoria (around 17.000 inhabitants), both situated in Northern Greece. The primary objective of this study is to establish a strong factual foundation that can be used by policy makers, opinion leaders, and citizens in order to understand the role of political advertising in national and municipal elections in Greece.     

The Wages of Intimate and Anonymous Capitalism

The spirit of capitalism is a sentimental reflection of its practice, and the practice envisioned by the likes of Adam Smith and other early proponets of capitalism assumed an intimate commerce among friends and neighbors. With the advent of the industrial revolution and the development of the modern corporation, commercial relationships increasingly became anonymous, with the result that the sentimal forces that once shaped capitalism withered, leaving a crude, uncomplicated form of self-interest in their place.Drawing on economic history, classic works of political economy, and personal interviews, I tell the story of these two competing visions of capitalism, the intimate capitalism of the old world (a phenomenon still visible in small town America, today) and the anonymous capitalism of contemporary commerce.     

Who Owns Education? Cleavage Structures in the Partisan Competition over Educational Expansion

This article addresses the issue of how to explain institutional change in national political economies. Within an actor-centred institutionalist theoretical framework, it explores the utility of a coalitional explanation for changes in the financial and corporate governance systems of Italy. Finance and corporate governance are useful foci for understanding change and the evolutionary direction of national political economies as a whole because, first, national and European reformers have focused a great deal of their energy on transforming financial market structures and corporate governance and, second, the regulation of finance and corporate governance is increasingly important as a means for states to exert influence over their economies. The paper finds considerable change in Italian capitalism as a result of successful elite reformers, party system changes, and the emergence of a reform coalition. However, change is limited and Italy retains a distinctive model of capitalism.