从WTO有关强制许可的规定看我国专利强制许可制度

强制许可制度是防止专利滥用的一种有效工具 ,TRIPS协议以前的国际公约和各国国内法对此都有规定。TRIPS协议第 31条对强制许可作了严格的限制 ,随后WTO的多哈宣言、总理事会决议对成员方的强制许可使用权及如何使用作了澄清解释。我国对专利强制许可制度作了系统、严格的规定 ,但这样的规定限制了我国强制许可的使用 ,不利于我国经济的发展。针对这样的情况 ,提出了解决我国专利强制许可制度的一些方法。     

专利保护与强制许可

本文简要回顾了强制许可制度在巴黎公约中产生的历史过程和意义,介绍了TRIPS协议对有关强制许可的主要规定和国际上对有关药品专利问题和强制许可问题的关注。本文对中国专利法中的强制许可制度进行了扼要分析,指出强制许可的主要作用是威慑和劝阻,并未与专利的正常利用不合理地冲突,也并未不合理地损害专利所有人的合法利益。     

论我国现行药品专利强制许可立法的不足与完善

面对艾滋病、SARS、禽流感等大规模传染性疾病对公共健康安全的威胁,世界贸易组织以及各国纷纷加强药品专利强制许可立法,当然,我国也不例外。但是,我国现行药品专利强制许可制度,仍然存在立法层次过多、颁发事由不明确、申请主体过窄等不足,在今后进一步完善相关立法时,应考虑在专利法中对药品专利强制许可做出专门的、完整的规定,并明确将公共健康利益需要作为颁发专利强制许可的事由,以及允许任何单位和个人成为药品专利强制许可的申请主体。     

版权强制许可制度论

强制许可制度分为三种类型,分别是通过履行通知和备案等法定程序获得的强制许可、通过向主管机关申请获得的强制许可以及通过司法程序获得的强制许可.版权强制许可制度选择和确定的过程也是不同利益博弈的过程.第一种类型的版权强制许可制度所具有的功能在我国可以通过完善的法定许可制度得到更好的实现,因此没有必要再通过版权法加以规定.第三种类型的强制许可在<反垄断法>颁布之后,可以考虑在司法实践中逐步予以接纳.当前在<版权法>中引入第二种类型的版权强制许可制度是较为现实的选择.     

专利强制许可制度初探

专利强制许可制度设置的目的在于防止专利垄断权的滥用和平衡专利权人的利益与社会公共利益。我们应当以专利强制许可制度的合理性为基础,转变专利强制许可的实施思维,对专利强制许可制度进行完善,从而使专利强制许可制度能够与我国的经济发展水平和社会公共利益需要相适应。     

专利实施强制许可办法

国家知识产权局局长令(第31号)二○○三年六月十三日第一章总则第一条为规范实施发明专利或者实用新型专利的强制许可(以下简称强制许可)的给予、费用裁决和终止程序,根据《中华人民共和国专利法》(以下简称专利法)、《中华人民共和国专利法实施细则》(以下简称专利法实施细则)以及有关法律法规,制定本办法。第二条国家知识产权局负责受理和审查强制许可、强制许可使用费裁决和终止强制许可的请求并作出决定。第三条请求给予强制许可、请求裁决强制许可使用费和请求终止强制许可,应当使用中文以书面形式办理。依照本办法提交的证件、证明文…     

关于强制许可制度的完善

为更好地施行《专利法》中有关强制许可的新规定,《实施细则》也进行了相应的修改,具体包括:明确界定了强制许可相关规定中涉及的"未充分实施其专利"、"取得专利权的药品"等重要概念;对我国具体实施出口专利药品强制许可提出了符合国际条约的基本要求;进一步完善有关强制许可的程序性规定等。     

浅论我国专利法中的强制许可制度

专利强制许可制度是对专利权人专利垄断权的一种暂时性限制,它所适用的对象限于发明或者实用新型专利,而不包括外观设计专利。强制许可分为三种:依申请的单向强制许可制度、依申请的交叉强制许可制度、国家强制许可。本文还对强制许可的目的和法律后果进行了论述。     

浅议低碳专利技术的强制许可制度

为解决全球气候问题,共享低碳专利技术成为关键要素."共同而有区别的责任"分配原则下,强制许可低碳专利技术成为解决发达国家不实际履行转让专利技术的有效途径.低碳专利技术的强制许可保护了人权的基本权利--环境权,国际条约的专利强制许可规定及药品专利强制许可的确立使低碳技术强制许可的实现具有合法性、合理性及可行性.     

专利实施强制许可办法

1.2012年3月15日国家知识产权局令第64号公布2.自2012年5月1日起施行第一章总则第一条为了规范实施发明专利或者实用新型专利的强制许可(以下简称强制许可)的给予、费用裁决和终止程序,根据《中华人民共和国专利法》(以下简称专利法)、《中华人民共和国专利法实施细则》及有关法律法规,制定本办法。第二条国家知识产权局负责受理和审查强制许可请求、强制许可使用费裁决请求和终止强制许可请求并作出决定。     

The deafening silence of AIDS

For most of those attending the XIII International AIDS Conference in Durban, the Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture delivered by Justice Edwin Cameron on Monday, 10 July 2000, was one of the highlights of the conference. The presentation is a passionate and compelling appeal to make medical care and treatment accessible and affordable to the more than 30 million people in resource-poor countries who face death from AIDS.     

论乌干达防治艾滋病社区支持模式的社会法律制度

乌干达曾经是艾滋病肆虐最严重的非洲国家,但乌干达政府自1986年开始实施了大规模的防治艾滋病行动,建立适应乌干达国情的防控艾滋病工作体系。乌干达防治艾滋病社区支持模式始于1987年的坎旺卡社区支持活动,并迅速在全国推广,形成了政府干预和指导的法律机制、医疗和物资支持制度、非歧视的社区关爱机制、宗教团体等非政府组织参与机制等基本制度。通过加强立法,完善对社区支持模式的法律规范、充分利用社会资源、加强社区服务的技术指导和对艾滋病孤儿的援助等措施使该项制度不断完善。     

AIDS: the first decade.

AIDS has had a profound effect on society and the workplace and has raised legal and social problems for which society was not prepared. This article will chronicle the evolution of federal, state and local law concerning AIDS and the workplace. Although there are some clear-cut answers and guidelines that address the relationship of employer and employee to the AIDS epidemic, current legislation and enforcement of those laws does not adequately address the AIDS victim as a handicapped individual. Emphasis is also placed on the problems peculiar to the health care industry, the constitutionality of present legislation, and the AIDS victim's right to privacy versus the employer's need to know. Finally, some practical solutions and guidelines will be presented that will help the employer deal with the AIDS victim and his or her co-worker.     

Legal rights and communicable disease: AIDS, the police power, and individual liberty

The policy debate over AIDS has focused on how to balance the rights of individuals who have the disease against the rights of the public. This paper examines the nature of both sets of rights by analyzing the development of public health law and its dominant visions today. The article argues that while once public health rights implied a vast reserve of community authority and obligation to prevent illness, today the rights of the public and those of individuals are seen as being in opposition. Public health jurisprudence now presupposes that illness is primarily a matter of individual concern. In this view, the science of medicine mediates the relationship between the individual and the public. This understanding of rights protects some of the interests of infected individuals, but is inadequate for addressing many of the major problems raised by the AIDS epidemic, particularly the spread of infection among the uninfected.     

Dublin Declaration on HIV/AIDS in prisons launched

On 23 February 2004, the Dublin Declaration on HIV/AIDS in Prisons in Europe and Central Asia was launched. The Declaration focuses on prisons in Europe and Central Asia, but it is also relevant for prisons in other countries, including Canada, which are still far from having adopted a comprehensive approach, based on public health and human rights principles, to HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C in prisons.     

Warsaw Declaration on HIV/AIDS and injection drug use adopted

Explosive epidemics of HIV among injection drug users are occurring in both developing and developed countries. Globally, it is estimated that 10 percent of HIV infections are attributable to injection drug use, but this proportion is increasing, and is much higher in many countries. Effective interventions exist to prevent the spread of HIV among injection drug users, but in most countries they are being adopted too slowly, or not at all. On 14 November 2003, the Warsaw Declaration: A Framework for Effective Action on HIV/ADS and Injection Drug Use, was adopted at the 2nd International Policy Dialogue on HIV/AIDS. Its purpose is to provide a framework for--finally--"mounting an effective response that will slow and eventually stop the HIV/AIDS epidemic among injecting drug users worldwide."     

African regional meeting on HIV/AIDS and human rights

A meeting of countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) leads to the establishment of a regional alliance of organizations working on HIV/AIDS and human rights.     

Managing AIDS in the workplace

Because of the AIDS epidemic and the protections afforded individuals with AIDS under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), employers are well advised to ensure compliance under applicable law to reduce exposure to employee claims of discrimination and to efficiently manage workplace issues associated with AIDS. Employers should implement AIDS policies and programs designed to educate their workforce to reduce the spread of AIDS and to clear up any misunderstandings about the disease which could wreak havoc in the workplace. This article summarizes suggested action steps for employers and outside resources to consult for guidance.     

The future of claims to resist removal by non-nationals suffering from HIV/AIDS

The focus of this article is to consider the difficulties facing non-nationals suffering HIV/AIDS to resist removal to their countries of origin where there is no or inadequate medical treatment. The link between HIV/AIDS and migration will be explored illustrating the vulnerability of displaced people to the virus. The current UK legal position for those attempting to resist removal in such circumstances will be explored. The article will explore two potential avenues that may prevent removal of non-nationals with HIV/AIDS to countries with limited access to the necessary treatment. In the first instance consideration of Article 3 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) will be made with particular emphasis on mother and child claims. The second argument will examine the potential for refugee claims under Article 1A (2) Refugee Convention 1951 where an applicant may be able to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution because of membership to a particular social group. The authors will particularly emphasise the argument that in certain countries sufferers will experience ostracism and victimisation where its severity may amount to treatment contrary to Article 3 ECHR and persecution under the Refugee Convention. Vanessa Bettinson and Dr Alwyn Jones, senior lecturers, De Montfort University. The authors would like to thank Professor Tony Barnett at London School of Economics for his useful and invaluable thoughts and comments. We would also like to thank our colleague Gavin Dingwall and the students in our 2006/07 Immigration and Refugee Law seminars for their very helpful feedback.     

The UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS: a review of legislation in six Southern African countries

This article reviews legislation of six Southern African countries to determine what progress has been made after the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, particularly with regard to paragraph 58 on human rights and paragraph 69 on rights in the workplace. The article notes the complexities introduced by the coexistence of customary laws and practices and codified law. It describes certain features of specific codified and customized laws. It concludes that, with the possible exception of South Africa, the countries under review have not responded to the challenges the HIV/AIDS epidemic have confronted their legal systems with. They have resorted in the first instance to criminal law, and have allowed discriminatory customary laws and practices, which propel the epidemic, to continue to operate.