Victims of ETA’s terrorism as an interest group: Evolution,influence, and impact on the political agenda of Spain

This article responds to the following research questions: How and why have victims of ETA’s terrorism in Spain become an interest group with significant influence on the political and legislative agenda of the country. The evolution of the associative movement of victims of terrorism is assessed in order to explain the process by which their influence and impact on the political agenda has gradually grown throughout the years. It analyzes the transition from the isolation suffered by victims of terrorism in the early days of ETA’s campaign to the prominent social and political role played at later stages. The factors that motivate and explain their active role as interest groups are looked into, demonstrating different claims and interests with varying degrees of coherence and leverage. The relevancy of victims of terrorism within the anti-terrorist policies of various Spanish governments will be established, as well as the achievements and limitations of such a significant interest group.     

Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence

How does the way in which a group organizes change the lethality of the group's attacks? In this article, we argue that groups organized vertically as hierarchies are likely to conduct more lethal attacks. We build our argument around three advantages inherent to centralized structures: functional differentiation, clear command and control structures, and accountability. We argue that each of these characteristics positively impacts an organization's ability to deliver an effective lethal blow. To test our argument, we use a mixed method approach, drawing on empirical evidence and support from a time-series case study. Our large-N analysis examines the trends in more than 19,000 attacks. In this test we develop a novel proxy measure for hierarchy based on a group's bases of operation and non-violent activities. To complement the empirical work, we examine the history of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), the Basque separatist group. Over several decades of violent operations, this group's structure has changed dramatically. We analyze how these shifts impacted ETA's ability to maximize the effectiveness and damage of their attacks. In both the case study and large-N analysis, the more hierarchically organized the group, the more easily the group can orchestrate lethal attacks.     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒荧光标记单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为制备可以区分牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)基因型的荧光标记单克隆抗体,分别利用分泌抗牛病毒性腹泻Ⅰ型病毒(BVDV-Ⅰ)、牛病毒性腹泻Ⅱ型病毒(BVDV-Ⅱ)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV-Ⅰ和BVDV-Ⅱ)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株BV1、BV2、BV12,腹腔接种BALB/c小鼠,大量制备单克隆抗体,用辛酸-硫酸铵法提纯,经活性、浓度、纯度检测合格后,利用搅拌法与异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)偶联,制备成3种荧光标记单抗。结果显示,3种标记单抗的F/P比值范围均在2.0～4.0之间;细胞DFA法测定其效价均≥1∶200;抗原交叉试验证实标记单抗的特异性良好;标记单抗可以检测到1TCID50的病毒粒子;临床初步应用表明,3种标记单抗的阳性检出率均≥95%,与进口BVDV荧光抗体的符合率为100%。3种荧光抗体的研制对BVDV基因分型鉴定、NCP型BVDV的鉴定以及BVDV与CSFV的鉴别诊断有很好的应用价值,值得进一步开发。     

唐诗《赠马植》、《题旅榇》与安南士人关系略说

唐代诗文对于研究7～10世纪越南历史和当时安南地区与中原地区士人之交往具有重要史料价值。唐诗《赠马植》被越南学者认为系9世纪佚名越南人所作。笔者从诗中用典、意境以及马植卸任安南都护职务的历史背景等分析,推测作者为马植本人,而非越南人。对于该诗意义的解读,笔者也提出一些与越南学者不同的看法。唐代安南地区文化逐渐发展,不少士人善吟诗作赋,但流传至今的并不多见。廖有方《题旅榇》即是其中一首。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎抗体的纳米胶体金斑点免疫渗滤法检测

将无血清细胞培养的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)抗原包被于硝酸纤维素膜,加入待检血清样品后,利用纳米胶体金标记的山羊抗牛IgG显色,建立了检测IBR抗体的纳米胶体金斑点免疫渗滤法检测试纸盒。整个试验过程仅需5min即可判断结果,与蓝舌病、牛赤羽病、牛地方流行性白血病、牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病、猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪细小病毒病的阳性血清不发生交叉反应。将该法与用于IBR抗体检测的ELISA方法同时对300份临床牛血清样品进行IBR抗体检测,结果二者的阳性符合率达94.4%。结果表明,该法具有特异、敏感、快速可靠、效果直观、结果容易判断的特点,非常适用于IBR的早期诊断和流行病学调查。     

Strategic integrated communication: An alternative perspective of integrated marketing communication?

Abstract

In spite of the increased emphasis being placed on integrated marketing communication (IMC), limited attempts have been made to critically analyse existing viewpoints, the evolution of the concept and its application. The research problem of this article is based on this limited mindset, which has arguably created a problem in understanding IMC as a process and in the integration of actions, which appear to be superficial in most cases. The main objective here is to contribute to these viewpoints by addressing the problem through an analysis of existing literature, to stimulate much-needed necessary debate on this phenomenon and advance IMC thinking, which is increasingly being challenged from the perspective of the emerging paradigm of strategic communication. This is done through a combined categorical, theoretical and integrated communicative perspective. The author highlights the need to approach IMC thinking from a strategic and corporate brand perspective, which could help engender dramatically changing expectations and demands across organisations, for a clear understanding of IMC practice and theory. Subsequently, taking an alternative re-orientated strategic perspective, based on all current approaches, is proposed into what is termed ‘strategic integrated communication’ (SIC). The focus in SIC is on the strategic intent of the organisation to enhance strategic, integrated communication and knowledge management of information through creative media strategies and environmental scanning. All of this should be based on trust, loyalty, integrity and credibility, to maintain valuable long-term stakeholder relationships.     

米糠多糖对环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖活性及疫苗免疫效果的影响

为探讨米糠多糖(RBS)对鸡免疫抑制状态的调节作用,将100只7日龄健康蛋用公雏鸡随机分为对照组、环磷酰胺(CTX)组和CTX RBS低、中、高3个剂量组。从7日龄起,肌肉注射CTX,1日1次,连注3 d,从10日龄起,CTX RBS组灌服RBS,1日1次,连续5 d。14日龄时各组鸡进行新城疫疫苗免疫。在10,21,28,35日龄,测定外周血T淋巴细胞增殖反应活性和ND HI抗体效价。结果显示,CTX组鸡的外周血T淋巴细胞增殖活性和ND HI抗体效价均显著低于对照组(P<0.01);CTX RBS中、高剂量组鸡外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖活性均显著高于CTX组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);CTX RBS中、高剂量组鸡的血清ND抗体效价均显著高于CTX组(P<0.05或P<0.01),且与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。证实,肌肉注射CTX可使健康雏鸡外周血T淋巴细胞的增殖反应活性和NDHI抗体效价显著降低,导致受试鸡免疫抑制;雏鸡口服一定剂量的RBS对CTX引起的细胞免疫和体液免疫抑制具有一定的拮抗作用。     

山羊痘病毒RPO30基因绿色荧光蛋白质粒的构建及融合表达

为了研究针对山羊痘病毒RPO30的siRNAs的干扰效果,构建了RPO30基因与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因的融合表达质粒,并在BHK-21细胞中表达.通过对RPO30基因进行PCR扩增,克隆入表达载体pEGFP-N1,并进行双酶切及测序鉴定;将阳性重组质粒转染BHK-21细胞,检测绿色荧光蛋白的表达和RPO30...     

试论英国在缅甸的早期殖民政策

1885年底英国最终吞并缅甸后,在宗教方面,采取了所谓的“中文化”不干涉政策;在政治方面,采取了“分而治之”的政策和“金字塔型”的行政体系;在经济方面,采取了“单一制”的经济掠夺模式;在文化方面,采取了“世俗化”的殖民文化政策,笔者认为英国殖民者对缅甸采取的各项殖民政策导致了缅甸社会的畸形发展,这也是导致缅甸独立后社会发展及其缓慢的原因所在。     

论西班牙天主教在菲律宾传播的历史背景

对大多数殖民地国家而言,15世纪末以来,基督教是伴随着西方殖民主义者的隆隆炮声而来的。基督教在近代欧洲的海外扩张中充当了侵略工具,它的海外扩张是近代欧洲海外扩张的产物。本文以辨证唯物主义为指导,探讨了近代基督教传播的二重性,并在基督教东扩史和欧洲扩张史背景下来探讨了西班牙天主教在东方的传播。     

金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素FnBPB-ClFA共表达质粒的构建与原核表达

采用PCR方法对编码金黄色葡萄球菌纤黏蛋白B的D区和纤黏蛋白原凝集素A的A区基因片段进行了特异性扩增,并通过重叠延伸PCR扩增了FnBPB-ClFA串联基因,构建了克隆质粒pMD19-FnB-PB-ClFA。将该基因片段定向插入到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中,构建了表达质粒pET-FnBPB-ClFA,并将其转入宿主菌BL21(DE3)。SDS-PAGE分析表明,在1mmol/L IPTG诱导下,在51ku处出现了与目的蛋白一致的外源蛋白带。Western-blot分析表明,所表达的蛋白与目的蛋白一致。上述结果表明,该融合基因在原核细胞中成功表达。     

干细胞的新来源——羊膜

为了给羊膜干细胞深入研究提供借鉴,介绍了羊膜的组织特点,综述了羊膜上皮干细胞及羊膜间充质干细胞的生物学特性及其诱导的潜能和鉴定方法,并对其在临床医学应用的前景进行了展望。提出羊膜组织来源的干细胞为干细胞的研究提供了新来源、新思路。     

Global Credit Markets,Political Violence,and Politically Sustainable Risk Premia

How do international financial conditions affect civil unrest? Existing studies examine the domestic economic roots of political violence but say little about the role of external financial conditions. We explore the interactions between international lending, government policy, and domestic unrest. In particular, we note that because of sovereign risk and defensive lending dynamics, credit ratings and interest rate premia are endogenous to expectations about civil violence. We test these claims using instrumental variables techniques and daily data on sovereign bond yield spreads, credit ratings, and episodes of civil violence in 59 developing countries from 1990 through 2004. After correcting for endogeneity, we find that exogenous increases in the price of foreign capital are robustly associated with increased odds of civil conflict. Primary commodity dependence, low economic growth, and poverty can also increase the odds of civil conflict by reducing access to foreign capital.     

驯鹿狂蝇生活习性的观察

对感染驯鹿狂蝇幼虫驯鹿进行了剖检观察,证实狂蝇幼虫主要寄生于驯鹿鼻腔及咽喉黏膜,在当年的7月到翌年1月主要以一期幼虫为主,从翌年2～3月开始快速生长发育,在4～6月多为二、三期幼虫。从翌年5月开始,成熟的三期幼虫随驯鹿打喷嚏排出体外羽化为成蝇。通过对驯鹿狂蝇生活史的观察,表明在大兴安岭地区,驯鹿狂蝇三期幼虫在50％～70％的湿度、21．5℃的平均温度及21．5℃下的451．5～666．5℃总积温下,经21-31 d羽化为成蝇,羽化率为59．6％。成蝇出现于6-9月份,在7～8月份达高峰期。驯鹿狂蝇1年发生一个世代,在驯鹿体内的寄生生活长达9-10个月;雌性成蝇每次产胎蚴30-80条,一生共产800-1000条;雌蝇寿命比雄蝇长,约为1-3周。     

缅甸独立后华侨经济的变化(1948—1962年)

缅甸独立后,华侨经济在经济实力、产业结构、资本属性方面发生了很大的变化。造成这种变化的主要原因是当局的政策、缅甸国内各种势力的互动以及华缅两族的历史关系等。     

光滑型布鲁杆菌抗体竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

用提纯的布鲁杆菌疫苗株M5-90光滑型脂多糖(S-LPS)作为包被抗原,以针对S-LPS C表位的单抗16C5为竞争抗体,建立了检测光滑型布鲁杆菌血清抗体的cELISA方法.通过对临床507份牛血清样本进行检测,结果经统计分析表明,cELISA与RBT和IDEXX公司的iELISA试剂盒符合率分别为84.7%和91.2%.其中142份样品与Svanova公司的cELISA试剂盒和黑龙江省动物监察所提供的iELISA试剂盒的符合率分别为97.2%和94.4%.κ统计显示,该cELISA方法与RBT、IDEXX公司的iELISA试剂盒、Svanova公司的cELISA试剂盒和黑龙江省动物监察所提供的iELISA试剂盒的κ值均大于0.5,符合率很高.该cELISA方法为布鲁菌病的检测提供了一种有效的血清学方法,并且能够有效地排除常见的革兰阴性菌引起的假阳性结果.     

耐环丙沙星患病动物源沙门菌的多重耐药分子特征

采用13株耐环丙沙星食品动物源沙门菌进行喹诺酮类作用靶位基因及质粒介导耐药基因的扩增测序、有机溶剂耐受试验、HeLa细胞侵袭试验,探讨其多重耐药的分子特征。结果显示,菌株均携带质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因,7株对环丙沙星敏感性降低或低水平耐药(最小抑菌浓度0.125～4μg/mL),靶位基因无突变或gyrA单位点突变及外排泵活性增强;5株对环丙沙星高水平耐药(最小抑菌浓度32～128μg/mL),均在gyrA和parC发生双位点突变及外排泵活性增强,其中4株携带β内酰胺酶blaCTX-M基因。对环丙沙星高水平耐药的沙门菌的侵袭力显著高于敏感菌株。表明患病食品动物源沙门菌中,无论外排能力增强与否,gyrA单位点突变或质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因阳性,仅导致沙门菌对环丙沙星的低水平耐药;而外排泵机制联同染色体靶位基因突变可导致菌株对环丙沙星的高水平耐药,往往同时携带blaCTX-M基因;临床分离沙门菌随着对环丙沙星耐药程度的增加侵袭力增强。