美国国家安全委员会在美对外和对华政策中的作用

美国国家安全委员会实际上包括国家安全委员会本身、国家安全委员会工作班子及其负责人国家安全事务助理.它的演变可分为作为咨询机构的早期阶段、作用膨胀阶段和重新确定以发挥协调作用为主的阶段.国家安全委员会在美对外政策中的主要作用有七项,其对华政策部分的主要作用包括参与制定对华政策、国家安全事务助理在中美关系的关键时刻作为特使访华、参加中美关系中的危机管理等.     

The Growing Role of States in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of the State Partnership Program

States can and do play an important role in contemporary U.S. foreign policy. This article will discuss the growing role of states through an investigation of the State Partnership Program (SSP). The SSP pairs state National Guards with the militaries of other countries through U.S. military engagement programs. The state-level National Guard then becomes the primary site for implementing U.S. military engagement programs. Both a federalism and decision-making perspective, however, are unable to recognize this role. The decision-making bias of foreign policy analysis affords states a limited international role and minimal influence in shaping the policies of the government toward other countries. An implementation perspective, however, reveals a growing role of states carrying out U.S. foreign policy, including the "high politics" of national security issues. States give decisions meaning through the practice of policy implementation. A detailed case study of the Maryland–Estonia partnership illustrates how an implementation perspective can recognize a growing role of states in shaping U.S. foreign policy.     

Cuban Medical Internationalism and its Role in Cuban Foreign Policy

Cuba's medical internationalism is extraordinary, and in many ways the extent of its outreach programme puts the developed world to shame. It is impossible to fit Cuba's actions into any neat theoretical box—quite simply the revolutionary process follows no established paradigm. This exceptionalism is seen both in its approach to foreign relations and in its medical internationalism policy. Indeed, even during the days when it was economically dependent upon the Soviet Union, Cuban actions showed an exceptional degree of political independence. But because Cuba is so different, it is also difficult for developed nations to understand. This is a tremendous pity, for there is much to learn from Cuba's approach to developing sustainable public health systems in poor, Third World countries. There is also a great deal that, on a moral basis, wealthy nations can also learn about Cuba's policy of internationalist solidarity.     

美国国会委员会与美国外交政策的制定

委员会是美国国会中的重要机构,事实上承担着美国国会的大量工作,对美国的内政外交都具有巨大的影响。本文在分析国会委员会的发展演变及其特征的基础上,对各委员会在国会外交决策过程中的地位、享有的权力以及施加影响的手段进行详细分析,最终得出结论,美国国会的大部分决策实际上是在委员会阶段完成的。     

U. S. Foreign Policy Trend

Wang: We have discussed issues concerning the influence of "overthrowing Saddam" at the regional level and its trend. Next, it is necessary for us to go deeper and discuss it at the global level. It is very clear that "striking Iraq," "overthrowing Saddam," and "transforming     

The Anglo-Protestant Basis of U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. foreign policy thinking is based ultimately on the particular historical experience and cultural legacy of the American founding, and at the very base of that founding is the preeminence of Anglo-Protestantism. The religious heritage of the United States, a sixteenth century blend of a theological reformation and the rise of modernity in the Enlightenment, has endowed American politics with a predisposition for egalitarian, anti-hierarchical, and contractual forms, and that disposition applies as well to foreign affairs. The syntax, but not the content, of Anglo-Protestantism shapes basic attitudes particularly when political elites face crisis situations, but it is institutionalized in government and society at all levels. Six examples from the post-World War II period illustrate the case.     

利益集团与美国知识产权政策

美国是个利益集团高度发达的国家，利益集团在其政治体制中占据重要地位。利益集团既是美国多元参政的民主制衡机制中的重要角色，也是美国政府制定内外政策时不容忽视的重要国内因素之一。同样，美国知识产权政策的制订也受到利益集团的深刻影响。     

Uganda and U.S. Foreign Policy

Washington's relationships with the “leveraged allies” preferred by realists—those countries that have little choice but to follow America's lead—have long been considered more reliable than in its relationships with the “natural allies” favored by idealists: prosperous, democratic nations that share the goals and interests of the United States. President Bush's foreign policy requires these natural allies, but many U.S. government officials are more wary. Uganda under President Museveni is a model “natural ally” candidate, with its relatively humane and democratic internal policies, but its greater capacity to act without American leverage, approval, or supervision is likely to worry realist career diplomats.     

自由主义与美国对外政策

近年来,在美国对外政策思想研究中,国内外学界的关注目光偏重于新保守主义,在一定程度上忽视了自由主义思想,从而落后于美国政治和对外政策舆论方面的某些变迁趋向。本文回顾了自由主义的历史,认为自由主义与现实主义、“杰克逊主义”并列为美国外交思想传统的三大主题,至今在美国仍具有广泛的舆论市场,并在其对外政策中起着重要作用。     

Realpolitik or Imperial Hubris: The Latin American Drug War and U.S. Foreign Policy in Iraq

Robert Kaplan has suggested that America employ elsewhere the same “stealth imperialism” tactics as are being used to combat drugs and guerrillas in Colombia. In fact, decades of U.S. efforts there have achieved little. The real lessons to be learned from Colombia are the perils of relying on flawed assumptions about the threat presented; the difficulties of creating and training a military capable of achieving U.S. objectives; and the risk of mistaking symbols, signals, and credibility for core U.S. interests. Moreover, in both regions, policymakers often fail to understand the fundamental sources of the conflict, particularly class, ethnicity, and nationalism. They incorrectly believe that U.S. policy has nothing to do with the continuation of the conflict and presume U.S. omnipotence.     

美国涉华利益集团的新变化

在美国对外经济政策制定过程中,利益集团是行政部门和立法机构之外的第三大权力中心。1990年代,围绕中国最惠国待遇和永久正常贸易关系问题,相互竞争的两大涉华利益集团各自结成联盟,进行了纵横捭阖、声势浩大的游说活动,曾极大影响了美国政府的决策。进入21世纪,随着中国国际竞争力不断增强,美国涉华利益集团在中美经济关系中的地位和利益发生了变化,原有两大利益集团联盟出现分化重组,对华持负面态度的利益集团联盟有所扩大,而对华鸽派利益集团活动虽然较为低调,但实力较强。     

美国对外政策中的文化规范功能

冷战结束后 ,文化在国际关系和对外政策中的作用受到学者们的普遍关注。本文从文化的规范功能的角度出发 ,分析美国对外政策中的道义与利益及其关系。作者认为 ,文化的规范功能在对外政策中表现为文化限定了国家对外政策可选择的范围 ,只有符合或至少不悖于国家文化价值观的对外政策才会被社会民众所接受。对于美国这样一个既有浓厚的宗教信仰传统 ,又具有讲求实效的务实精神的国家 ,文化的规范功能在美国对外政策中体现为理想主义与现实主义的结合。理想主义为美国的对外政策赋予道义上的目标和意义 ,现实主义使道义目标在实施中符合美国的现实利益 ,美国历史上最成功的对外政策就是道义与利益的完美结合。     

美国对外政策与俄美关系

冷战后特别是“9·11”以来,美国始终谋求巩固由它领导的单极秩序及其超级大国地位,导致许多国家对美作为“世界领袖”的民主性及其管理世界的方法产生了怀疑。目前,俄美之间对共同利益还缺乏一致性的评价,也没有准备好建立平等的战略伙伴关系。其中一个重要原因就是两国对全球化时代的挑战与威胁,以及两国活动中的全球性因素有不同理解。美对外政策使国际关系进一步复杂化,美国应将建立新的国际秩序和确定它在其中的作用尽快提上议事日程。新的国际秩序应该是世界大国重奏“协奏曲”,并使之成为改变当代世界和在各个领域维系平衡的基础。     

Five Focuses of U.S. Foreign Policy

The U.S. Presidential campaign in 2004 revealed a phenomenon of high “polarization“ in American society, and it also exposed the sharp competition between the two political forces--liberal and conservative. Finally more of the constituency voted for Bush, hence Mr. Bush won re-election. This has not only changed the Bush family‘s fate of “winning a war but losing election,“ but also helped Bush clean up his psychological shadow of his “presidency“ decided by the Supreme Court in the last general election. As a “wartime president, undoubtedly Bush will become greater political confidence for his second term.……     

Five Focuses of U. S. Foreign Policy

The U.S.Presidential campaign in2004revealed a phenomenonof high"polarization"in American society,and it also exposed thesharp competition between the two political forces liberal and con-servative.Finally more of the constituency voted for Bush,hence Mr.Bush won re-election.This has not only changed the Bush family's fateof"winning a war but losing election,"but also helped Bush clean uphis psychological shadow of his"presidency"decided by the SupremeCourt in the last general election.As …     

Understanding the Unilateralist Turn in U.S. Foreign Policy

How should we explain the recent unilateralist turn in U.S. foreign policy? Some accounts treat growing American unilateralism as a passing aberration attributable to the neoconservative ideology of the Bush administration. This paper, by contrast, traces U.S. unilateralism to the structural effects, at home and abroad, of the end of the Cold War. Internationally, the removal of the Soviet threat has undermined the "institutional bargain" that once guided relations between the U.S. and its major allies. Absent Cold War imperatives, the U.S. is less willing to provide collective goods through strong international institutions and other states are less likely to defer to U.S. demands for special privileges that exempt the U.S. from normal multilateral constraints. Domestically, the end of the Cold War has weakened the ability of presidents to resist the appeals of powerful veto players whose interests are threatened by multilateral commitments. These factors suggest that American unilateralism may have deeper roots and more staying power than many expect.     

党派争端与美国对外政策

美国政治制度的核心是两党制.民主、共和两党往往假国家利益之名,从各自狭隘观点出发,肆意歪曲事实,以维护本党派的政治利益,在对华关系问题上,表现尤为明显.两党争斗、相互牵制,制约着美国的对外政策走向.但党派纷争也能使美国公众得以借助政党势力影响外交决策.     

Demographic Changes and U.S. Foreign Policy

The demographic shift in America may well strengthen U.S. foreign policy, as well as military capability and economic competitiveness. In a globalized world, America's ethnic diversity, the innovation that comes from bringing the best and the brightest from around the world to this country, and the fact that a diverse population becomes a stakeholder class could all work to ensure that the United States remains the most influential nation in the world.