现代日本企业制度的利弊、改革及借鉴

第二次世界大战结束后 ,日本进行了一系列的企业制度变革 ,逐渐实现了从以财阀控制为主导的传统企业制度向以经营者为主导的现代企业制度的转变 ,形成了独具特色的企业制度模式 ,并在战后日本经济迅速恢复和高速发展过程中起了关键作用。一、现代日本企业制度的特征及利弊分析现代日本绝大多数企业都采用股份公司这种形态。股份公司以所有权和经营权相分离为特征。所有权归众多的、分散的股东占有 ,经营权则由股东总会选出的董事会行使。1.法人企业相互持股。5 0年代后期 ,由于经营性的资金短缺和资本自由化的进展 ,战后曾一度被禁止的企业…     

日本的公司治理结构与会计模式

一、公司治理结构与会计模式的理论分析 (一)公司治理结构 公司治理结构是指一组联结并规范所有者与经营者和职工之间权利与利益的一种制度安排。 这种制度安排的起因是所有权与经营权的分离而导致的委托代理关系的出现。由于委托代理双方的信息不对称以及人的自利性与机会主义倾向,会产生代理人不按照委     

法国法院组织体系探微

目前我国的司法界正在进行司法制度改革。借鉴并移植国外先进的制度 ,是制度创新的一个重要内容 ①。法国的诉讼制度在发达国家是颇具特色的 ,特别是其法院制度显得独树一帜。本文在此对法国法院的组织体系予以介绍 ,以求对我国的司法改革有所裨益。一、法院结构在现代法治社会中 ,司法的职能主要是解决争议。争议在法律上一般以诉讼的形式出现的 ,因此 ,以解决争议为职能的司法制度便成为公民个人依法确认自身所享有的权利的实然性的惟一有效的手段 ①。法院就是这一权利实现的物质载体。一个良好的法院体系能以其“穷尽性”和“彻底性”为…     

日本、新加坡、泰国的住宅金融

日本、新加坡、泰国的住宅金融亦冬为深入研究探讨我国住宅金融的新体制，推动住宅金融业务的开展，加快住宅制度改革的步伐，现将日本、新加坡、泰国的住宅金融作一简要介绍，以供借鉴和参考。一、日本二欢世界大战以后，日本住宅严重短缺，１９４５年缺房４２０万套，在...     

政策话语转变与社会救助改革：德国的经验与启示

20世纪90年代后，德国与社会救助相关的政策话语从再分配话语转变为社会融合话语。伴随着政策话语的转变，德国社会救助制度的改革也在酝酿之中并于2003年经联邦议院通过，最终在2005年得以实施。改革把社会救助与失业救助合并在了一起，这表明，受助者不仅是被同情的弱势群体，不再是单纯的权利享受者，政府开始承认他们必须承担促进社会经济发展的义务，并希望通过改革促使失业者不再依靠社会救助，而是重返劳动力市场，更好地融入社会。通过对德国经验的考察，可以获得如下启示：第一，与社会救助相关的政策话语的转变对社会救助制度改革具有重要影响；第二，在相关政策话语的构建和转变方面，学术界能够发挥积极的作用；第三，社会救助政策话语的选择只有符合本国的国情与时代要求，才有助于制度的良性发展。     

韩国年金制度改革与政策选择模式研究

韩国于1988年正式实施国民年金制度以来，进行过1998年和2007年的两次重大改革。在韩国国民年金制度的确立、实施及改革过程中不仅其内容不断得到完善，而且政策选择模式也不断发生变化，即经过了从政策选择的精英主义模式，到精英主义和多元主义并存的过渡模式，最后到相对完善的多元主义模式的转变过程。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告

《农村土地承包经营权确权登记数据库规范》等82项标准业经专家审定通过，现批准发布为中华人民共和国农业行业标准，自2017年4月1日起实施。     

德国示范确认之诉及其对我国消费民事公益诉讼的镜鉴

德国示范确认之诉以加强群体性法律保护为目的,是一项全新的民事诉讼类型。其在本质上属于确认之诉,但具有示范性效果。它只能由特定的有资格的机构提起,受损害的消费者可以自主决定是否登记参与这一诉讼。这既有利于消费者集体主张权利,也保障了其自主决定权。然而,这一制度在适用范围、主体限定和两阶段诉讼模式等方面暴露出不足,受到批判。通过比较研究可以发现,我国的消费民事公益诉讼制度具有鲜明的自身特色,但在适用前提、起诉主体和登记管理系统等方面,确有必要学习借鉴德国示范确认之诉的做法。     

国务院办公厅关于引导农村产权流转交易市场健康发展的意见

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：近年来，随着农村劳动力持续转移和农村改革不断深化，农户承包土地经营权、林权等各类农村产权流转交易需求明显增长，许多地方建立了多种形式的农村产权流转交易市场和服务平台，为农村产权流转交易提供了有效服务。但是，各地农村产权流转交易市场发展不平衡，其设立、运行、监管有待...     

泰国政治持续动荡的结构性原因与发展前景

本文从政治系统运作的“利益结构一权力结构一制度结构”关系视角，对泰国政治近年来持续动荡的原因进行了分析，认为影响政治和解的障碍主要有三：存量改革引发利益分歧，政治格局有待“再平衡”，宪政体制缺乏民主协商；并指出，中泰战略合作有助于泰国在“增量改革”过程中弥合社会裂痕，进而平稳有序的促成政治和解。     

Land grabbing or economic development? A modernisation debate enacted on Bugala Island,Uganda

ABSTRACT

Globally, the phenomenon of large-scale land leasing, or ‘land grabbing’, is the subject of increasing concern. At the heart of the criticism of this phenomenon is the debate over the most appropriate methods of achieving economic development within the context of a rapidly globalising world. This paper analyzes the process and outcomes of establishing an oil palm plantation on Bugala Island, Uganda. The author asserts that tensions over land use within Uganda reflect incompatible understandings of the relations between land and society and distrust amongst stakeholders. In this case, in spite of these incompatibilities and distrust, the plantation has resulted in positive results for both local land users and the national economy. Yet at the same time, it demonstrates a traditional approach to land use that ignores past injustice and does not recognise power differentials.     

Vigilante justice and informal policing in post-Euromaidan Ukraine

During and after the Euromaidan, the Ukrainian society experienced an emergence of non-state groups that combined elements of civic activism and paramilitarism. They operated independently from the state and often used extra-legal violence to restore law and order, deliver justice, and protect Ukraine from external and internal threats. Their conduct closely resembles vigilantism. This article draws on the body of criminological and sociological research on vigilantism in order to understand the diverse landscape of vigilante groups in post-Euromaidan Ukraine. It explores the complex relationship between the most representative vigilante groups, the Ukrainian government, and the political and business elites; analyzes the legal boundaries of vigilantism in Ukraine; and discusses the outcomes of vigilante justice for democratic consolidation, rule of law, and human rights. This article offers a new paradigm for theorizing popular mobilization in Ukraine and sheds light on important dimensions of the formation of an informal system of policing and justice.     

陆权与清代“海禁”政策

清代前期实行的海禁政策包括移民限制、物品出口限制、外商来华贸易规定以及民船建造规格等多项内容。这种海禁政策的性质并非惯常认定的"闭关锁国",而是中国传统陆权战略的一部分,其制定具有深刻的历史背景。清代海禁政策在当时的条件下,取得了重大成效,但鸦片战争之后,随着世界形势的剧变,这种战略尽显弊端。     

Malawi’s land problem and potential for rural conflict

Government agricultural policies which favour large-scale agriculture and rapid population growth on a limited land area have combined to create a situation of land poverty in many parts of Malawi, especially in the southern region of the country. The government’s response to land poverty has so far been focused on the creation of resettlement schemes. As such initiatives are expensive, they have tended to be piecemeal and benefit only a small fraction of land poor families. Frustrated land poor families have now resorted to land encroachment on privately held land. The emergence of movements dedicated to the restoration of estates to families with ancestral claims to the land marks a new stage in land relations which could have unwelcome consequences.     

The State Duty to Support the Poor in Kant's Doctrine of Right

Recent works of Weinrib and Ripstein argue in favour of the state duty to support the poor found in Kant's 'Doctrine of Right'. The argument is not Kant's own, but is said to flow from the most basic precepts of that work. It is, roughly, the following: because the institution of property rights can lead to the situation whereby, there being nothing left to appropriate, persons could become dependent upon others for their very existence, the validity of property rights (and private rights in general) in the civil condition depends upon the state's supporting the poor so as to ensure that such relations of dependence do not arise. This article argues that this welfarist state duty is incompatible with the structure of the Doctrine of Right, and independently implausible.     

“Land Grabbing” in an Autocracy and a Multi-Party Democracy: China and India Compared

ABSTRACT

Both China and India have witnessed extensive land expropriation by the state from farmers for use in industrialisation and urbanisation projects. Land conflicts have ensued from these developments. This article poses two questions: (i) Why do we see a similar escalation of land dispossession in both countries, despite their distinctively dissimilar political systems, one being a one-party authoritarian regime, the other being a multi-party democracy?; and (ii) How does the different regime type affect the politics of dispossession? Despite their diverse political institutions, government officials have been given similar incentives to chase growth by developing land, but the institutions create diverging environments for aggrieved citizens to mobilise for collective action. While it is unsurprising that the interests of the poor and weak are not protected in an autocracy, democracy provides no automatic safety valve in defending marginalised citizens either.     

Spain: No Country for the Populist Radical Right?

Although there is growing research interest in populist radical right (PRR) parties in Western Europe, little attention has been paid to the case of Spain – a country where these parties are almost non-existent or irrelevant from an electoral and political point of view. In a nutshell, we maintain that in contemporary Spain there is real demand for PRR parties, but three supply-side factors are impeding their electoral breakthrough and persistence: the cleavage structure of the country, the strategy of competition of the mainstream right and the electoral system. At the same time, we postulate that at least in the case of Spain the Great Recession has not improved the electoral odds of the PRR as such but rather facilitated the emergence of leftist populist forces.     

Conciliatory whiteness: white farmers’ accommodations and responses to land reform in Matabeleland South,Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT

This article seeks to contribute to growing academic literature on land reform and whiteness in Zimbabwe, where there have been calls for nuance in the analysis of agrarian change. The research which underpins it explores differentiated responses to land reform on the part of a sample of white farmers (as well as A1 and A2 beneficiaries), in the environs of Matobo district, Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. It characterises a range of responses on the part of white farmers – dropping out, pushing back, accommodating and adapting – and charts the various outcomes of these strategies. I further utilise the concept of subjectivity to reflect on these diverse responses and to disaggregate essentialised or homogenised understandings of whiteness. The article focuses on the small number of white farmers who retain a connection to the land and agrarian production in the study area and argues they embody aspects of a particular subjectivity. This conciliatory subjectivity is characterised by openness to reconciliation, rapprochement and partnership-making. Specifically, it is located along the following lines: (1) in contrast to the perceived ‘islands of privilege’ of some of their peers; (2) within a challenging context where they no longer occupy a hegemonic position; (3) wherein they are inclined or required to (re)form collaborations and alliances in the new dispensation; and (4) the subjectivity of these farmers could be said to be pre-occupied less with issues of identity and belonging, than with surviving and ‘becoming’ amidst the multi-faceted challenges of contemporary Zimbabwean rural agricultural endeavours and socio-political life.     

The Politics of Caste in India’s New Land Wars

ABSTRACT

In this article we introduce the special issue through framing the debate on the role of caste in India’s current land wars. We draw attention to how caste consistently mediates land transfers in present day India by pre-empting, undermining, or fuelling processes of social contestation, as well as the ways in which land claims in turn shape realigned or reimagined caste identities. Based on this, we make three main arguments. The first and most obvious one is that in contemporary conflicts over land, caste matters in evolving ways that deserve attention. Second, we argue that caste and land are recursively linked categories that are produced and reproduced in continuous interaction, even as multi-scalar political economies (re)shape them. And third, that different registers of caste are articulated by different social groups in more or less overt ways as they stake often competing claims to land.     

农地私有化、市场环境与俄罗斯农业发展

1991年俄罗斯私有化改革之后,农业进入了负增长期。其深层次原因是市场环境不利于农业发展,非均衡的通货膨胀使农产品价格相对偏低,农业生产成本上升,收益却不断下降。在这种情况下,理性的农业生产主体只能选择减少生产,俄罗斯不得不依靠进口农产品来满足国内消费需求。1998年金融危机改变了农业发展的市场环境,卢布汇率的大幅度贬值抑制了进口农产品对俄罗斯农业的冲击,国内市场环境也开始向有利于农业发展的方向转变,俄罗斯农业从此走上了复苏之路。基于这种分析,2008年金融危机能够继续改变农业贸易条件和卢布汇率,因而这次金融危机仍然有利于俄罗斯农业的发展。