论南海仲裁中历史性权利的管辖权与兼容性

根据中国在2006年8月25日发表的正式声明，对于《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）第298条第1款所述的任何争端，中国不接受任何国际司法或仲裁管辖。《公约》第298条第l款包括涉及海域划界、历史性海湾或所有权的争端。然而，联合国国际海洋法法庭罔顾以上事实，于2013年4月24日强行组建中菲南海争端仲裁庭（以下简...     

中菲南海仲裁案之管辖权裁决的几点思考

一、中菲南海仲裁案的核心为领土主权争端 1982年《联合国海洋法公约》（以下简称《公约》）所规定的争端解决机制显然不适用于领土主权争端。对于这一点,菲律宾和仲裁庭自然“心知肚明”。因此,仲裁庭在管辖权阶段的裁决显然是为了实施管辖权而尽量排除领土主权争端。     

理解南海共同开发与航行自由问题的新思路——基于国际法视角看南海争端的解决路径

南海共同开发与航行自由问题的明确与解决,直接关系到中国的海洋权益以及南海的未来法律秩序。尽管泰国湾地区的共同开发经验能够为中国提供借鉴,但南海主海的情况与之有很大区别。共同开发方式在国际范围内接受程度不广泛,实际效果不理想,其对南海争端的可适用程度较低。因此,应对共同开发方式在南海争端解决中的作用予以重新定位。从长远的角度出发,共同开发不能成为解决南海争端的优先选择和主要方式,即便在短期内以共同开发方式为处理南海争端的权宜之计,也应当注重构建一个合理的共同开发机制。中国对南海的"历史性权利"并未被后来的有效国际法律规范所更改或取消,这一权利不能按照《联合国海洋法公约》的架构来解读,也并不存在妨碍南海航行自由的问题。相反,倒是其他南海周边国家滥用《联合国海洋法公约》规定所提出的意在分割、控制南海的种种主张更加妨碍南海的航行自由。比较之下,中国的主张更加符合南海水域本身的性质及其适用当代海洋法之后的应然状态。     

试析南海争议的务实解决机制——推进南海争议逐步解决合作性方案分析

此文旨在根据南海形势最新动态,探索最为务实的争端解决机制,搭建一个由借两岸合作寻求南海问题突破、将海洋环境安全作为南海合作的驱动力、将渔业合作作为解决南海争端的起点、将《联合国海洋法公约》作为海洋治理的框架、以思维转化引领政策和研究的方向五个维度组成的争端解决模式。为决策者与学者提出了一些建议,并探讨了在解决海洋争端的...     

泰国对南海争端的态度：表现、成因、趋势和影响

作为南海争端的“局外人”,泰国反对南海问题复杂化和扩大化,反对南海问题影响中国—东盟整体关系的发展,希望争端各方能够和平解决争端。同时,自2012年开始接替越南成为中国—东盟关系协调国后,泰国在南海问题是否应该东盟化问题上开始“走钢丝”。泰国对南海争端的态度与其国家利益密不可分。总体来看,泰国对南海问题的态度有利于南海局势的和平与稳定,有利于争端国家之间危机管控能力的提升。但是,泰国追求东盟在南海问题上形成共同立场以与中国开展集团式谈判的态度和行为会加剧南海争端东盟化。展望未来,泰国对南海问题的态度将会在保持一定的延续性的基础上追求在中国与东盟之间的平衡。     

论当前中国和平维护南海权益的国际环境

2010年以来,在美国高调介入南海地区事务以及越南推动南海问题多边化与外部化政策的影响下,东盟对南海问题的影响日趋增强,主要南海权益争端国家对中国的态度趋向强硬。南海问题的发展趋势表明,南海争端矛盾的尖锐化、问题解决机制的多边化、区域外强国介入的常态化已经成为中国和平维护南海权益不得不面对的国际环境。而美国与东盟提出的多边谈判和尽早协商通过《南海地区行为准则》的建议短期内无益于问题的解决。从容易解决的争端下手,通过双边谈判首先解决某些具体争端,逐渐消解南海问题的复杂性是中国应对当前南海问题复杂国际因素、和平维护南海权益的必要之举。     

南海争端“双轨思路”下的制度建设略论

南海域内国家利益冲突是南海争端的肇因,而域外势力干涉,以及在法律层面上约束各国在南海地区行为的准则和规范以及争端升级预防机制的缺失,也是争端升级的原因。中国于2014年率先提出"双轨思路"来积极处理南海问题,即有关争议由直接当事国通过友好协商谈判寻求和平解决,而南海的和平与稳定则由中国与东盟国家共同维护。中国与其他南海声索国之间应就设立争端升级预防机制进行磋商作为"一轨",而"南海行为准则"的制定则已成为中国与东盟的共识,应是"二轨"的重点。随着参与、主导国际事务能力的提升,中国正在扩大并深化与他国的合作,中国与有关国家应秉持国际合作精神,早日完成制定《南海行为准则》并开始讨论设立争端升级预防机制,以解决各方共同遵守的南海制度建设滞后的问题,从而维护地区的和平与稳定。     

南海问题的合作安全与集体安全之辩

南海问题关系到中国的国家利益,中国对南海拥有无可争议的主权。但因为多方面的原因,南海问题在今天演变为一个涉及"六国七方"且有域外势力插手的主权争端问题。近期来,因区域外势力强势介入及南海周边某些国家的不负责行为,南海因主权争端而出现紧张局面。维护南海和平,符合所有相关国家的利益,也是大多数国家的愿望。在南海主权争端问题上,目前出现了集体安全与合作安全两种理念。比较两者,合作安全更有利于南海主权争端的解决与持久和平。     

南海争端中的美国因素及其影响

在美国重返东南亚的大背景下,南海争端呈现出复杂化的趋势。本文概述了南海争端现状和各方对相关国际法律的不同解读,分析探讨了美国关注南海争端的原因、美国的立场政策、以及美国因素对南海争端当事国的影响。通过剖析美国因素,本文认为,美国对南海问题当事国相关政策或行动的支持倾向,客观上已使得南海问题的多边化、国际化态势逐渐转为现实,美国因素对中国试图解决南海争端的努力形成一定的挑战。     

“五不”政策:美国南海政策解读

针对纷争不断的南海主权争端,美国多年来形成了对主权争议不选边站队、反对妨碍航行自由、反对单方面改变现状的"三不"政策。但是近年来,随着菲律宾和越南等国不断在南海寻衅滋事,南海紧张局势持续升温。出于对中国崛起的疑惧,美国开始积极地介入和干预南海事务,在旧有的"三不"政策基础上,对其南海政策做出两项直接针对中国的调整,即反对以历史依据提出主权声索和反对以双边谈判的形式协商解决南海争端,从而形成了美国针对南海的"五不"政策框架。在实施"亚太再平衡"战略的背景下,美国日益偏离其对南海主权争议的"中立"立场,在偏袒菲律宾和越南等国挑衅行为的同时,公然挑战中国多年来坚持的南海政策立场,导致南海主权争端呈现出愈演愈烈之势。     

Locating Kaliningrad And KÖNigsberg In Russian And German Collective Identity Discourses And Political Symbolism In The 750Th Anniversary Celebrations Of 2005

This article begins by briefly exploring issues of conflict and control in relation to the 750th anniversary of the city of Kaliningrad/Königsberg. An analysis of the tensions between Russian regional (Kaliningrad) and national (federal) identity discourses on the political symbolism of the 750th anniversary commemoration is offered, using Russian media reports and interviews conducted in Kaliningrad. German narratives on the political symbolism of the anniversary events and their implications for German national identity discourses are investigated via interviews conducted in Kaliningrad and Germany, German media reports, books, films and a theater production about Königsberg. Particular attention is given to the impact of the German expellee organizations on framing the discourse about Königsberg in contemporary Germany. The article will conclude by comparing and contrasting the various discourses and interpretations of the anniversary in the Kaliningrad region, Russia and Germany.     

The FBI's Role in Expelling Germans from Ecuador During the 1940s

The expulsion from Latin America of immigrants from axis countries and their descendants is an important but little‐studied episode of the Second World War. The role of the US, and in particular that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their removal has largely disappeared from historical memory. This article examines how the FBI advanced US commercial interests, and in the process harmed vulnerable people who were subject to these expulsions.     

'Adorned with the Mix of Faith and Profanity that Intoxicates the People': The Festival of the Senhor do Bonfim in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 1930–19541

This essay looks at a formative period in the history of the festival of the Senhor do Bonfim, one of Salvador's most important religious festivals. The essay focuses on the public ritual washing of the Church of Bonfim and the tensions between the Catholic Church, who periodically banned the washing from the larger festival, and a variety of historical actors including politicians, journalists, authors and working-class Salvadorans whose efforts eventually contributed to the lifting of the prohibition once and for all in 1953. The author suggests that the defence of the washing both reflected and contributed to a larger hegemonic process taking place in Salvador after 1930, as actors within Salvador's dominant class accepted and even praised Afro-Bahian cultural practices, including them as integral parts of a larger Bahian identity.     

The Health of the Rurality: The Encuesta de Folklore and Popular Healing Practices in Tucumán, 1921

This article examines healing practices among the rural inhabitants of Tucumán in the opening quarter of the twentieth century through a reading of the 1921 National Folklore Survey. It argues that popular medical practices, referred to as curanderismos (popular healing), continued into the twentieth century not only as cultural practice of the popular classes but as necessity due to limited investments in public health in the rural regions on the part of the national and provincial government.     

'Brazil Needs to Change': Change as Iteration and the Iteration of Change in Brazil's 2002 Presidential Election1

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's triumph in Brazil's 2002 presidential election was construed in terms of a promise of radical change against the holders of the status quo . This article argues that in fact a more subtle political game was a stake in the election, a contest over the meaning and limits of change itself. The article examines how the various players – Lula da Silva, outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso and the PSDB's presidential candidate José Serra – invoked and iterated a discourse of change to define and redefine the political dividing lines that marked out the electoral dispute and attempted to set or fix the distinctions between their political positions.     

INDIA’S DEMONETISATION: MODI’S ‘NUDGE’ TO CHANGE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

This article offers an account of the impact of Indian PM Narendra Modi’s decision in November 2016 to withdraw suddenly all Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes from circulation in India with the avowed intent of combatting fraud, tax avoidance and other economic problems. The article assesses the impact from the demonetisation in November to the March 2017 Indian regional elections, where wide-scale victories for Modi’s political party, the BJP, appear to have vindicated his reforms. The article provides an analysis of the political background of the period, as well as looking at the economic and societal impact of the changes, including the way in which the behaviour of Indian citizens has been ‘nudged’ with particular regard to use of banking, transactions, social effects, and payment of tax.