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1.
A firm can improve its innovation either by its internal research and development (R&D) efforts or by forming external collaborative
R&D alliances. While previous studies on R&D collaboration and knowledge diffusion mainly focus on various external sources
of R&D collaboration, little effort has been made to investigate the joint impact of competitive and non-competitive R&D collaborations
on firm innovation simultaneously. By examining the data of 165 Taiwanese firms in the information and communication technology
industry, we find that: (1) non-competitive R&D collaborations with universities have a positive direct impact on firm’s innovation
performance; and (2) both non-competitive and competitive R&D collaborations have a positively moderating effect on the relationship
between a firm’s internal R&D efforts and firm innovation and the positive moderating effect is higher for non-competitive
R&D collaborations than that of competitive R&D collaborations. These findings suggest that R&D collaborations, either non-competitive
or competitive, exhibit the nature of a win–win situation. We also derive implications for firms’ selection of R&D alliance
partners and government policies. 相似文献
2.
Kuo-Feng Huang Chwo-Ming Joseph Yu Dah-Hsian Seetoo 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(5):715-731
Mixed evidence has been found regarding how locating in a cluster or a park affects firms?? performance. This paper investigates how locating in different types of clusters and parks interacted by firm size or in-house R&D capability affects a firm??s innovation. Empirically testing the research hypotheses by the data of 165 Taiwan??s manufacturing firms in the information and communication technology sector and taking policy-driven parks (e.g., science parks and industrial parks) and spontaneously clusters as examples, we find that in emerging economies, firms with inferior in-house R&D capability gain more innovation benefits by locating in a science park or a spontaneous cluster while smaller firms gain more innovation benefits by locating in an industry park or a spontaneous cluster. Moreover, our findings also suggest that locating in a science park, smaller firms benefit more than larger firms in terms of innovation performance whereas larger firms benefit more than smaller firms in terms of market performance. The findings suggest that in emerging economies, compared to larger firms, smaller firms are less influenced by negative spillover effect when locating in clusters or parks. 相似文献
3.
4.
In this paper we use a size and industry matched sample of over 1,900 UK and US businesses for the period 2004–05 in the manufacturing
and business services sectors to analyse the relative “strength” of the university–industry ecosystems in which these firms
operate in the two economies. Our analysis shows that in both countries universities per se play a quantitatively smaller
role as a source of knowledge for business innovation than either the business sector itself or a variety of organisations
intermediating between the university and business sectors. Our analysis reveals a much more diffuse university–industry ecosystem
in the UK in which a higher proportion of businesses claim links external to themselves in their pursuit of knowledge for
innovation and a higher proportion report directly connecting with universities. US firms are more likely to access knowledge
through a combination of business and intermediary sources and are less likely to have established formal collaborative or
partnership agreements in the 3 years prior to the survey. We also find, however, that a higher proportion of US firms place
a very high value on the connections they have with universities and are much more likely to commit resources to support such
innovation related university interactions. A similar pattern of diffuse but weaker links characterise the supply of public
sector financial assistance for innovation in our sample firms. UK firms are more likely to be in receipt of assistance, but
receive far less per firm in absolute terms and relative to their R&D expenditures. It appears that the UK university–industry
ecosystem is characterised by a greater width than quality of interaction. 相似文献
5.
Micha? Bojanowski Rense Corten Bastian Westbrock 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(6):967-987
Research and development (R&D) partnerships are formed to share the risks and benefits of R&D. At the macro level, they result in a globe-spanning network that can be a valuable source of international knowledge spillovers. This network is the subject of a considerable body of literature. Often-made claims are that R&D collaboration is an important activity in a competitive environment, but that the importance of international partnerships has declined over time. Furthermore, it is claimed that collaborations are disproportionally concentrated within the developed economies. However, this literature fails to account for variations in the sizes of underlying firm populations between countries and over time. We argue that these population sizes create an opportunity structure of available collaboration partners for firms, and that ignoring variations in this structure potentially leads to erroneous conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the R&D network. To address this problem, we study the structure and dynamics of the global R&D network on an international and cross-industry scale using longitudinal data for 1989?C2002. We integrate data on public firms and their R&D partnerships and confront earlier findings with our data and a set of methods, which enables us to correct for the structure and dynamics in the firm population. While our study confirms previous findings concerning the worldwide trend in collaborative activity, it also shows that results on individual countries need correction. In particular, the importance of R&D collaboration for US companies is overestimated, while their openness towards foreign partners is underestimated. 相似文献
6.
We use Canadian data linking information on venture capital (VC) financing with firm-level administrative data to compare performance of VC-backed and non-VC-backed firms. The richness of the data allows us to incorporate a wide range of firm-level information into creating a control group based on propensity-score matching. In particular, we use typical covariates reflecting firm performance and characteristics (e.g., size, age, industry, location) as well as measures of firm-level innovation such as research and development (R&D) expenditures that are often thought to be associated with the potential for high growth and the probability of receiving VC financing. Our results show R&D expenditures not only attract VC, but are also increased more intensely for VC-backed firms than non-VC-backed counterparts over the short-run. Further, we show VC-backed firms enjoy greater growth in wages and scale over the 5-year period. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence that VC financing is associated with the acceleration of the innovation and commercialization process accompanied by greater growth in wages and scale. 相似文献
7.
Anja Schmiele 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(1):98-123
This paper aims to shed light on firm-specific drivers that lead firms to internationalise their innovation activities. The
paper paints a comprehensive picture of driving forces by including firm capabilities, characteristics of the firm’s competitive
environment and the influence of innovation obstacles in the home country. In particular the influence of potential driving
forces on the probability to carry out different innovative activities abroad is assessed (R&D, design/conception of new products,
manufacturing of innovative products and implementation of new processes). In a second stage these driving forces are observed
with regard to their impact on the decision to locate innovation activities in various countries and regions (China, Eastern
Europe, Western Europe and North America) as well as in groups of countries with similar levels of knowledge (“country clubs”).
The analysis is based on the Mannheim Innovation Panel survey which represents the German CIS (Community Innovation Survey)
contribution. Two survey waves have been combined, resulting in a sample of about 1,400 firms. The results show that the decision
to perform innovation activities abroad is mainly driven by organisational capabilities such as absorptive capacities, international
experience and existing technological competences of the respective firm. Innovation barriers at the German home base such
as lack of labour and high innovation costs prompt the set-up of later-stage innovation activities abroad while the lack of
demand demonstrates a barrier to the internationalisation decision for the development and manufacturing of new products.
Location decisions receive the strongest influencing effects from the international experience of the firm. Firms which innovate
in developing countries seem to require a more extensive level of international experience through international R&D cooperation. 相似文献
8.
Ascension Barajas Elena Huergo Lourdes Moreno 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(6):917-942
The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of international R&D cooperation on firms?? economic performance. Our approach, based on a complete data set with information about Spanish participants in research joint ventures supported by the EU Framework Programme during the period 1995?C2005, establishes a recursive model structure to capture the relationship between R&D cooperation, knowledge generation and economic results, which are measured by labour productivity. In the analysis we take into account that the participation in this specific type of cooperative projects implies a selection process that includes both the self-selection by participants to join the consortia and the selection of projects by the European Commission to award the public aid. Empirical analysis has confirmed that: (1) R&D cooperation has a positive impact on the technological capacity of firms, captured through intangible fixed assets and (2) the technological capacity of firms is positively related to their productivity. 相似文献
9.
Richard T. Gretz Jannett Highfill Robert C. Scott 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(4):385-403
This paper investigates government subsidy games for private sector research and development (R&D) in a two-country two-firm intra-industry trade model. Two funding structures are compared: ??cost sharing?? vs. ??reward for performance.?? Both the theoretical evidence and the results of a Monte Carlo simulation suggest that cost sharing is associated with higher social surplus and quality improvement because it prompts the firm to do more R&D. In a cost sharing program government and firm R&D are always complements. In the reward for performance program government and firm R&D may be complements, but are usually substitutes. In the Monte Carlo results the average firm contribution to R&D expenditure is actually negative with a reward for performance funding structure??raising the question of whether it might be construed as corporate welfare. Finally, the paper characterizes funding priorities for both structures in the case when subsidy dollars are scarce and when they are not. 相似文献
10.
Gregory Tassey 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(6):605-615
The R&E tax credit has never been effective and subsequent attempts to restructure it have not addressed the major deficiencies.
Moreover, in the 25 years since the R&E tax credit was enacted, a steadily increasing number of countries have implemented
or expanded competing tax incentives, which in many cases are better structured and larger in size. As a result, the relative
impact of the US credit is now negative in terms of incentives to conduct R&D within the domestic economy. The inadequacy
of the credit stems largely from its small size and its incremental format. The impact of an R&D tax incentive is affected
by its scope of coverage, the ability of industry to take advantage of it over the entire R&D cycle, the magnitude of the
incentive relative to other nations’ tax policies, and its ease of implementation. In the end, a tax incentive must sufficiently
lower the user’s cost of R&D to overcome barriers to allocation of private-sector resources commensurate with the potential
rates of return on such investments. As a policy instrument, a tax incentive for R&D should be most effective if its form
is a flat rate applied to all R&D.
相似文献
Gregory TasseyEmail: |
11.
Christina Elschner Christof Ernst Georg Licht Christoph Spengel 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(3):233-256
Most industrialized countries apply special tax incentives to boost the R&D expenditures of firms. This study considers the
design of such R&D tax incentives as applied in the European Union and simulates its effect on the post-tax R&D expenditures
of firms in different industries and different profit/loss-situations by means of the simulation model European Tax Analyzer.
Any restrictions and progressive tax incentives are explicitly taken into account. Our results indicate that for designing
and measuring public support to R&D it is often not sufficient to focus only on tax rate effects of R&D tax incentives and
the design of a tax incentive must be in accordance with the framing tax system in order to be effective. As soon as there
are any limitations in place, our results suggest a considerably lower impact of R&D tax incentives on the post-tax R&D expenditures
than the commonly used B-Index by the OECD. The results clearly illustrate the beneficial impact of immediate cash refunds
for unused tax incentives. 相似文献
12.
Manuel Guisado-González Jennifer González-Blanco José Luís Coca-Pérez Manuel Guisado-Tato 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2018,43(6):1647-1666
Private companies want to eliminate outgoing spillovers while policymakers seek to maximize them. With subsidized R&D cooperation agreements both agents partially achieve their objectives. For this reason, in Europe, policymakers grant subsidies for R&D activities with the condition of establishing R&D cooperation agreements. This study explores the relationship of complementarity between R&D subsidy, R&D cooperation and absorptive capacity in the context of its contribution to labor productivity of enterprises. The data used comes from the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC), managed by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. We selected manufacturing companies in the period 2008–2013. We evaluate the existence of complementarity through the systems approach and the interaction approach. The econometric technique that we used to estimate the coefficients of our empirical model was maximum-likelihood random effects. As a consequence of the low absorptive capacity of Spanish manufacturing firms we find that R&D subsidies and R&D cooperation agreements are not complementary variables, i.e., receiving public subsidies as a result of establishing R&D cooperation agreements has a lower impact on productivity than the sum of the individual impacts of R&D cooperation and R&D subsidies. In consequence, this result calls into question the convenience of using subsidized R&D cooperation agreements as a tool for promoting innovation in EU countries as there are notable differences between the companies in these countries in terms of absorption capacity. 相似文献
13.
James D. Adams 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2004,30(1-2):129-137
This paper provides an overview of the survey-based literature on industrial Research and Development (R&D) laboratories, beginning with the work of Edwin Mansfield. Topics covered include R&D projects, new products, and new processes; the appropriability of intellectual property; the limits of the firm in R&D; and spillovers of knowledge from other firms and universities into the laboratories. I discuss the value of collecting information from industrial R&D managers, who participate in a wide range of R&D decisions and are the natural best source of information on these decisions. I also emphasize gaps in our knowledge concerning R&D from past studies, such as the private and social returns to R&D, the nature of firms' R&D portfolios, and other topics. The paper closes with a discussion of the benefits from building a national database on R&D laboratories that could be shared among researchers and that could take this area of research to a new and higher level of achievement. 相似文献
14.
In this paper we articulate and test the hypothesis that TFP is a reliable and relevant measure of firm’s innovation capabilities,
and, as such, accounts for Tobin’s q indicator. With this aim, we investigate empirically the relationship between firm level total factor productivity and the
Tobin’s q. Measuring Tobin’s q allows inferring the actual value of knowledge capital from stock market valuation. We use a panel of companies listed on
UK and the main continental Europe financial markets (Germany, France and Italy) for the period 1995–2005. Our results confirm
that TFP is a reliable indicator of firm’s innovative capabilities. When we control for firm’s R&D investments and intangible
assets, the effects of TFP on market value remain highly significant. This suggests that TFP is a broader measure of innovation
capability than R&D is. The validation of the Tobin’s q and TFP relationship has important implications concerning firm’s technological innovation measurement. 相似文献
15.
Robert Cook-Deegan 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(3):133-156
The “science commons,” knowledge that is widely accessible at low or no cost, is a uniquely important input to scientific
advance and cumulative technological innovation. It is primarily, although not exclusively, funded by government and nonprofit
sources. Much of it is produced at academic research centers, although some academic science is proprietary and some privately
funded R&D enters the science commons. Science in general aspires to Mertonian norms of openness, universality, objectivity,
and critical inquiry. The science commons diverges from proprietary science primarily in being open and being very broadly
available. These features make the science commons particularly valuable for advancing knowledge, for training innovators
who will ultimately work in both public and private sectors, and in providing a common stock of knowledge upon which all players—both
public and private—can draw readily. Open science plays two important roles that proprietary R&D cannot: it enables practical
benefits even in the absence of profitable markets for goods and services, and its lays a shared foundation for subsequent
private R&D. The history of genomics in the period 1992–2004, covering two periods when genomic startup firms attracted significant
private R&D investment, illustrates these features of how a science commons contributes value. Commercial interest in genomics
was intense during this period. Fierce competition between private sector and public sector genomics programs was highly visible.
Seemingly anomalous behavior, such as private firms funding “open science,” can be explained by unusual business dynamics
between established firms wanting to preserve a robust science commons to prevent startup firms from limiting established
firms’ freedom to operate. Deliberate policies to create and protect a large science commons were pursued by nonprofit and
government funders of genomics research, such as the Wellcome Trust and National Institutes of Health. These policies were
crucial to keeping genomic data and research tools widely available at low cost.
相似文献
Robert Cook-DeeganEmail: |
16.
Annapoornima M. Subramanian Young Rok Choi Soo-Hoon Lee Chang-Chieh Hang 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2016,41(2):182-204
In this study, we explore the extent to which diversity of educational levels among research scientists and engineers (RSEs) in the context of a firm’s level of technological diversity influences innovation performance. We used data from the 2004–2008 National R&D Survey in Singapore. The results from 366 firms across different industries indicate that when a firm’s technological domains are heterogeneous, those firms with an RSE workforce comprising similar educational levels have positive innovation performance, measured as the number of patent applications, while those comprising diverse educational levels have negative innovation performance. Our further exploration of the positive interaction between technological domain heterogeneity and similarity of educational levels suggests that firms that had a high ratio of RSEs with lower educational levels had more positive patent outcomes compared to those that had a high ratio of RSEs with higher educational levels. The results show that there are limits to the strength of technological diversity in a firm’s absorptive capacity as explained by organizational demography. 相似文献
17.
John E. Jankowski 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2001,26(4):323-336
Twenty-five years ago, industrial performance of research and development (R&D) was primarily an activity undertaken by large traditional manufacturing firms. Only about 3 percent of the R&D conducted in industrial labs was done by service sector firms. By the late 1990s, however, such firms accounted for approximately 30 percent of the Nation's total industrial R&D expenditures, with a fairly large amount of the effort being directed toward the development and use of information technologies. Industry's increasing reliance on research and technology outsourcing also apparently has contributed to the service sector's substantial R&D expansion. This paper documents recent trends in US non-manufacturing R&D expenditures, highlighting their growth and focus and the difficulties in measuring these trends, as available from national R&D statistics. Broad comparisons with trends and concerns identified through other countries' surveys of service sector R&D are presented. 相似文献
18.
While it is widely acknowledged that internal R&D is a fundamental source of the ability to absorb, select and use external knowledge, severe data limitations prevent from capturing differences across firms in this respect. Using a novel dataset supplied by the Italian Bureau of Statistics, we highlight that, when controlling for internal R&D efforts, not all firms are equally prone to gain access to external technology, and to the knowledge provided by universities in particular. We find that firms which do not only perform R&D activities but also belong to a group exhibit a higher propensity to access external knowledge by either contracting out R&D or cooperating with external parties, as compared to independent firms that are not organized into groups. This premium persists when controlling for different measures of internal R&D efforts. Furthermore, the differential in the propensity to access external knowledge is particularly high in the case of R&D performers belonging to foreign groups, i.e. Italian affiliates of foreign owned companies; and it is even higher in the case of the few Italian firms that have R&D activities abroad. The relative dis-advantage of independent firms, which represent the bulk of the Italian industry and include most small and medium sized enterprises, appears to be less of an obstacle in the case of linkages with universities, especially when R&D contracting out is considered. 相似文献
19.
We investigate the determinants of University–Industry (U–I) interactions in the biopharmaceuticals in Italy over the period 2004–2010, choosing co-publishing as a proxy of U–I partnerships. We construct a novel dataset of co-published articles, that contains measures of proximities, agglomeration, firms’ and universities’ characteristics. Following a consolidated methodology, we integrate our dataset of effective interactions with the set of all potential interactions, to estimate probabilistic models for the occurrence and the intensity of U–I interactions. Our main findings confirm and extend the predictions of the previous literature: (1) geographical proximity and prior partnership increase the probability and the intensity of co-publication; (2) the proximity of a firm to other biopharmaceutical firms and universities attenuates the relevance of geographical proximity; (3) there exists complementarity between prior partnerships and geographical proximity. A novel result is that firms’ and Universities’ size, firms’ R&D and patents expenditure and the composition of the academic staff as well as quality of academic research exert a significant impact on the intensity of co-publishing. 相似文献
20.
Evan M. Berman 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1990,15(3):5-12
This research examines the impact of research and development (R&D) consortia on the competitiveness of American companies.
It also concludes that since passage of the 1984 National Collaborative Research Act, which allows companies to jointly perform
research, only a few R&D consortia have been formed and they do not have much impact on companies through applications of
new technology. It is suggested that R&D consortia may have more impact on firms that are catching-up technologically or for
which the particular research is tangential to their core business.
He holds a Ph.D. in public policy from the George Washington University (1988), and has worked for the National Science Foundation,
the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, and the National Academy of Sciences. His interests focus on technology,
economic competitiveness, and government policy. He has recently published on these topics in Research Policy (August 1990),
and Policy Studies Review (Spring 1991, forthcoming). 相似文献