笔迹量化鉴定与统计学分析的研究综述

笔迹鉴定主要依靠专家的经验判断,缺乏科学有效的量化测量和分析手段,是当前制约学科发展的瓶颈。在客观的、量化的技术手段普遍应用于法庭科学背景下,笔迹鉴定需要走量化和统计分析的道路。通过梳理近些年笔迹特征量化的方法和笔迹特征统计学分析的方法,讨论这些研究对笔迹量化鉴定的贡献和局限性,并对基于似然比模型的笔迹证据价值评估的研究进行综述,以期增强笔迹鉴定中比较分析与评估的科学基础。同时,还探讨了笔迹量化鉴定和统计学分析的发展趋势。     

专业性练习摹仿签名笔迹鉴定的实验研究

目的本文通过实验对具有一定笔迹鉴定专门知识与不具备笔迹鉴定专门知识的人的练习摹仿签名笔迹进行实验分析研究。方法对两类人在练习的不同阶段形成的练习摹仿签名笔迹特征的一般状态表现,以及对其笔迹特征的形成、变化原因、鉴定价值分别进行了论述,并总结出其变化规律。结果为不同种类的练习摹仿签名笔迹的鉴定提供一定的识别和特征分析、评断的参考依据。     

汉英文字笔迹特征的比较研究

目的更深入的了解不同国家、地区,不同文种,不同文化背景下的笔迹鉴定工作者对特定文字笔迹鉴定认识的差别。方法以中英文为例,对汉字和英文的特点和笔迹特征进行比较研究。结论汉英文字的笔迹特征分类体系大体相似,并无质的差别,但是不同文字的特点决定了其笔迹特征取向与侧重、价值评断、个别特征的使用率,以及对同一人笔迹特征多样变化的认识上还是有所区别,各具特色。     

论汉字笔迹的笔顺特征——从书写动作系统性进行研究

笔顺特征是汉字笔迹特征的重要组成部分,是书写习惯动态关系的特点的重要表现形式,在笔迹鉴定中具有重要的价值。本文从书写动作系统出发,对笔迹的笔顺特征进行动态的、全面的分析,目的在于深入认识笔迹的笔顺特征及其价值,为笔迹特征系统的完善和科学的运用提供理论依据。     

英文签名笔迹鉴定的初步研究

通过对笔划质量、字母连接。基线习惯、单词笔顺、字母整体结构等英文签名笔迹特征的研究，探讨了英文签名笔迹的特性及其细节特征在鉴定中的价值。     

再看摹仿签名笔迹鉴定

由于签名笔迹字数少、可摹仿性强的特点,长期以来,摹仿签名笔迹鉴定始终是笔迹鉴定的难点。笔者从不同类型的摹仿方法出发,讨论不同方法下摹仿签名笔迹的特点,总结其特征规律。同时要重视笔迹鉴定过程中了解相关案情,为识别是否存在摹仿现象提供线索。在此基础之上,对比摹仿签名笔迹特征的变化规律,并从摹仿签名笔迹特征反映构成方面系统性地进行鉴定,鉴别是否存在摹仿签名的情况。通过撰写此文,以期对摹仿签名笔迹鉴定实务具有借鉴意义。     

卧姿笔迹特征的实验研究

目的为卧姿笔迹鉴定提供识别和评断的参考依据。方法比较108个不同书写水平者的仰卧、左侧卧、右侧卧及俯卧笔迹与正常坐姿笔迹特征上的异同点,通过大量实验数据的统计分析,总结出卧姿笔迹特征及其变化规律,探讨可能的变化原因,并分析卧姿笔迹检验的要点。结果卧姿笔迹在字体、写法、错别字、笔顺、字间组合和单字的基本搭配比例等特征上较稳定。这些特征可作为本质特征使用。4种卧姿中,俯卧笔迹特征最稳定;书写水平高者笔迹特征也较稳定。结论卧姿笔迹鉴定应结合卧姿笔迹特征变化规律,准确判断笔迹的形成条件,去伪存真,做出科学的评断。     

卧姿笔迹特征的实验研究

目的 为卧姿笔迹鉴定提供识别和评断的参考依据.方法 比较108个不同书写水平者的仰卧、左侧卧、右侧卧及俯卧笔迹与正常坐姿笔迹特征上的异同点,通过大量实验数据的统计分析,总结出卧姿笔迹特征及其变化规律,探讨可能的变化原因,并分析卧姿笔迹检验的要点.结果 卧姿笔迹在字体、写法、错别字、笔顺、字间组合和单字的基本搭配比例等特征上较稳定.这些特征可作为本质特征使用.4种卧姿中,俯卧笔迹特征最稳定;书写水平高者笔迹特征也较稳定.结论 卧姿笔迹鉴定应结合卧姿笔迹特征变化规律,准确判断笔迹的形成条件,去伪存真,做出科学的评断.     

确保笔迹鉴定结论准确性的思考

加强鉴定人员的素质修养;充分运用笔迹检验的科学原理;综合评判笔迹特征体系数量与质量、质量与价值的辩证关系;去伪存真,抓住笔迹特征的特殊性特征,区别正常笔迹与摹仿笔迹;建立健全鉴定人责任制机制,从制度上确保鉴定结论的准确性。     

论伪装笔迹特征的基本规律

本文通过分析伪装笔迹的基本手法和主要特点,初步探讨制约伪装笔迹的基本因素,在此基础上归纳出伪装笔迹特征的基本规律,以期能为伪装笔迹鉴定提供一种识别途径和鉴定方法。     

Identification of the Class Characteristics in the Handwriting of Polish People Writing in English

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to identify the class characteristics of Polish people writing in English and to specifically identify those characteristics that separate Polish handwriting from English handwriting. In the first stage, 40 Polish and 40 English handwriting samples were collected and systematically examined. In total, 31 features were identified that occurred in ≥25% of the Polish handwriting samples and therefore considered class characteristics. Of these, chi‐square analyses identified 21 class characteristics that occurred significantly more in Polish compared to English handwriting. Twenty‐one of the class characteristics in the Polish handwriting had similar constructions to the copybook pattern thus supporting the theory that class characteristics frequently stem from the taught writing system. In the second stage, an algorithm was developed using seventeen of the class characteristics that successfully discriminated between a further 13 Polish and 12 English handwriting samples.     

浅谈笔迹线条主动触觉在笔迹鉴定中的运用

笔迹是书写运动的轨迹,在观察静态特征的同时运用其动态特征,无疑可以提高笔迹鉴定的水平。但如何获取字迹的书写压力、书写速度和加速度等动态特征,目前还是个难题。笔迹心理学中笔迹线条主动触觉的分析是将笔迹书写时的压力与速度贯穿于字迹观察分析的始终,将其运用于笔迹鉴定,可在传统的笔迹鉴定二维平面字迹特征的视觉观察分析模式基础上,将视觉观察与触觉体验相结合,形成字迹形态二维平面特征与书写时笔向下的力度,和沿笔画书写的速度相结合的四维特征观察分析模式。     

老年人笔迹变化的形成原因和特点

世界人口老龄化发展的历史表明,人口老龄化对人类社会生活的各个方面都会产生重大的影响。因此,研究老年人笔迹特点及其变化规律对于老年人笔迹鉴定具有理论指导意义和实用价值。根据老年人笔迹变化的形成原因和对老年人笔迹的实验统计分析,包括横向分析、纵向分析、病理性变化的分析,得出了老年人笔迹的特点。     

论笔迹鉴定差异点的评断

书写习惯的自身同一是包含了差异的同一,而不同人书写习惯的差异则是包含了共性的非本质差异,因而在通过未知与已知笔迹比较检验来实现书写习惯的同一认定时必须科学评断差异的性质,否则同一认定鉴定意见缺乏科学可靠性。在对笔迹鉴定意见的质证中,对差异点的认识和性质的判断成为争议的焦点,而且成为评价鉴定活动是否严谨和科学,以及鉴定意见是否可以采信的主要依据之一。而今面对证据科学对笔迹鉴定意见的挑战,除严格笔迹鉴定的条件外,必须从理论上完善对笔迹鉴定差异点的评断方法,明确评断的规则,从而保证鉴定意见的科学可靠性。     

Development of Individuality in Children's Handwriting

Handwriting of children in early grades is studied from the viewpoint of quantitatively measuring the development of handwriting individuality. Handwriting samples of children, in grades 2–4, writing a paragraph of text in both handprinted and cursive, collected over a period of 3 years, were analyzed using two different approaches: (i) characteristics of the word “and” and (ii) entire paragraphs using an automated system. In the first approach, word characteristics were analyzed using statistical measures. In the second approach, pairs of paragraphs were compared. Both types of analysis, single word and complete writing, led to the same conclusions: (i) handwriting of each child remains relatively similar when handwriting has been just learnt and becomes markedly different from grades 3 to 4 and (ii) handwriting of different children becomes progressively more different from grades 2 to 4. The results provide strong support that handwriting becomes more individualistic with child development.     

阿拉伯数字笔迹检验探析

随着社会的发展,在各类经济、刑事及民事纠纷案件中涉及对阿拉伯数字笔迹进行鉴定的案件呈逐年上升趋势。阿拉伯数字作为一种常见的书写符号,具有其自身的独特特点。通过分析阿拉伯数字笔迹的特证,并对其检验难点及检验方法要点等问题进行分析阐述,进一步充实与完善对此类数字符号笔迹的检验方法。     

汉字文字布局特征新探——从书写动作系统方面进行研究

文字布局特征是脱离了规范文字布局动作特点的反映,因而对文字布局特征的研究必须以书写动作系统及其特性为基础。文字布局动作系统具有相对的独立性和自身的特殊性、稳定性,并反映出相应的笔迹一般特征和细节特征。所以,通过研究书写动作系统来探索文字布局特征的科学基础及其特征价值,对完善笔迹鉴定科学基础理论和笔迹特征体系具有一定的价值。     

On the discriminability of the handwriting of twins

As handwriting is influenced by physiology, training, and other behavioral factors, a study of the handwriting of twins can shed light on the individuality of handwriting. This paper describes the methodology and results of such a study where handwriting samples of twins were compared by an automatic handwriting verification system. The results complement that of a previous study where a diverse population was used. The present study involves samples of 206 pairs of twins, where each sample consisted of a page of handwriting. The verification task was to determine whether two half-page documents (where the original samples were divided into upper and lower halves) were written by the same individual. For twins there were 1236 verification cases -- including 824 tests where the textual content of writing was different, and 412 tests where it was the same. An additional set of 1648 test cases were obtained from handwriting samples of nontwins (general population). To make the handwriting comparison, the system computed macro features (overall pictorial attributes), micro features (characteristics of individual letters), and style features (characteristics of whole-word shapes and letter pairs). Four testing scenarios were evaluated: twins and nontwins writing the same text and writing different texts. Results of the verification tests show that the handwriting of twins is less discriminable than that of nontwins: an overall error rate of 12.91% for twins and 3.7% for nontwins. Error rates with identical twins were higher than with fraternal twins. Error rates in all cases can be arbitrarily reduced by rejecting (not making a decision on) borderline cases. A level of confidence in the results obtained is given by the fact that system error rates are comparable to that of humans (lower than that of lay persons and higher than that of questioned document examiners [QDEs]).