共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Theorists have suggested that oppressions based on gender and sexual orientation are inherently linked. The present study
aims to operationalize and test this proposition, by modeling relationships between sexual harassment and heterosexist harassment.
Based on prior research in organizational and feminist psychology, we hypothesized a three-factor model of workplace harassment,
comprising sexualized harassment, gender harassment, and heterosexist harassment. We then factor-analyzed data from 629 employees
(both female and male, sexual minority and heterosexual) in higher education, finding this hypothesized model to be superior
to three competing alternatives. Next came multiple-group analyses, which suggested this model to be invariant by gender,
but not sexual orientation. Implications of these findings for research, theory, and practice are discussed.
相似文献
2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
3.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
4.
The present research suggests that stranger harassment (i.e., experiencing unwanted sexual attention from strangers in public)
is a frequent experience for young adult women, and that it has negative implications for their well-being. First, stranger
harassment was positively related to self-objectification (Fredrickson & Roberts, Psychol Women Quart 21:173–206 1997). This was true for women who coped with stranger harassment using common strategies (passive, self-blame, or benign), but
not for women who used an uncommon, active coping strategy (e.g., confronting the harasser). Second, stranger harassment experiences
and self-objectification were positively related to women’s fear of and perceived risk of rape. Further, women who feared
rape were more likely to restrict their freedom of movement. In concert, the findings suggest that stranger harassment may
have both direct and indirect negative effects on women’s lives, and that it is a phenomenon worthy of future research.
相似文献
5.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
6.
We examined mock jurors’ reactions to a sexual abuse case involving a male teacher and a 10-year-old child. Because gay men
are sometimes stereotyped as child molesters, we portrayed defendant sexual orientation as either gay or straight and the
victim as either a boy or girl. Jurors made more pro-prosecution decisions in cases involving a gay versus straight defendant,
particularly when the victim was a boy. In boy-victim cases, jurors’ emotional feelings of moral outrage toward the defendant
mediated these effects. On average, women jurors were more pro-prosecution than were men. Results have implications for understanding
social perceptions of cross- and same-gender child sexual abuse and juror decision making in child sexual assault cases perpetrated
by homosexual and heterosexual men.
相似文献
7.
In three experiments, female participants were primed to think of themselves as female university students or unique individuals.
We predicted that group-primed participants would find reading about the sexual harassment of a female student threatening
to their self-concepts. However, if these participants could affirm an important value, the threat to their personal self-esteem
might be resolved. Group-primed participants who wrote about an important individual value reported higher personal self-esteem
in comparison with group-primed participants who did not. However, when group-primed participants wrote about a value important
to their group, they did not report higher personal self-esteem in comparison to group-primed participants who lacked this
opportunity. The results suggest that group-primed participants who affirmed an important individual value reported higher
personal self-esteem because it allowed them to re-categorize themselves as unique individuals who were different from the
female victim.
相似文献
8.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
9.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
10.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
相似文献
12.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
相似文献
13.
Much research on sexual deviance on university and college campuses is limited by its narrow focus on group affiliation. In this study, it is argued that prior deviance and opportunity serve as more robust predictor variables of sexual deviance. Using a sample of 304 male college students from four universities within the Ohio Valley Conference, this paper utilizes Analytic moment structures (AMOS) analyses to examine the relationship between prior deviance and sexual deviance. Results support the assumption that sexual aggression is significantly (β=.17) mediated or accounted for by opportunity. Overall, the relationships among variables lend support to the argument that alternative explanations of sexual deviance may provide a better understanding of such a complex societal problem. 相似文献
14.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
相似文献
15.
Current international financial system is characterized by the global dollar standard where the US dollar plays an essential
role in many aspects of international usages. This is particularly the case in Asia where the dollar remains as a major reserve,
vehicle and anchor currency. The paper deals with the challenges of dollar over-reliance in the world in general and in Asia
in particular, with emphasis on the fact that Asia being a creditor to the US has to cope with the problems and instability
that the dollar standard brings about. Asia needs to have further regional financial integration and to strengthen regional
financial cooperation supported by a strong institutional arrangement, a sound regional financial market and a collective
regional monetary regime.
相似文献
16.
Analyses were conducted to examine the extent of overlap and predictive strength of multiple forms of child maltreatment and
stressors internal and external to the family. Findings suggest a strong association between child maltreatment (physical
and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence) and stressors (family conflict, personal problems of parents,
and external constraints on the family). After controlling for stressors, family socioeconomic status, and child gender, a
general construct of child maltreatment was predictive of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescents. Specific
effects of child physical and sexual abuse were revealed in these longitudinal structural equation model tests.
相似文献
17.
Two empirical studies are presented that explore how and why e-mail communication (versus face-to-face communication) influences cooperation in mixed motive group contexts. Results indicate
that, relative to those engaging in face-to-face interaction, those who interacted via e-mail were (1) less cooperative and
(2) felt more justified in being noncooperative. Feelings of justification mediated the relationship between communication
media and the decision to cooperate or not.
相似文献
18.
This paper compares bank regulation and supervision in Japan and Germany. We consider these countries because they both have
bank-dominated financial systems and their banking systems are often lumped together as one model, yet, bank stability differs
significantly. We show that Japan and Germany have chosen different approaches to bank regulation and supervision and ask
why they made their choices. We argue that bank regulation and supervision were less efficient in Japan than in Germany and
that these differences were decisive for bank behavior.
相似文献
19.
This paper explains why and how entrepreneurship has emerged as an engine of economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness
in global markets. The entrepreneurial society reflects the emergence as entrepreneurship as an important source of economic
growth.
相似文献
20.
We present evidence on the efficiency of the resolution of financial distress in bankruptcy in The Netherlands. Direct costs
average 16%, firm recovery 37% and bank debt recovery 80%. The direct costs are lower in larger firms and in firms with more
bank debt. Costs increase with the time it takes to sell assets. Firm recovery is influenced by asset structure, capital structure
and to a lesser extent Dutch legal variables. However, the opportunity to continue operations in bankruptcy is chosen by about
half the firms and this has a positive effect on recoveries.
相似文献
|