善用信用证欺诈例外原则的思考

信用证是国际贸易主要结算方式之一。它以银行信用代替商业信用，为买卖双方提供利益保障和融资便利，从而降低国际贸易的风险，使国际贸易变得更加安全和快捷。中国作为对外贸易的大国，一方面，曾因对信用证制度本身及其适用的惯例理解不够，因而成为信用证欺诈的极大受害者；另一方面，曾因司法机关随意止付信用证款而使中国的银行信誉受损中国企业因信用证欺诈而受到巨大损失。善用信用证欺诈例外原则成为中国银行和外贸企业的必修课。     

人民币结算带来四道考题

2008年12月24日国务院常务会议决定“对广东和长江三角洲地区与港澳地区、广西和云南与东盟的货物贸易进行人民币结算试点”。时隔3个半月，正值广交会前夕，2009年4月8曰国务院常务会议决定在上海和广东的广州、深圳、珠海、东莞开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点。人民币计价结算有助于企业在对外贸易和投资中规避汇率风险，有助于中国企业克服贸易伙伴国缺乏美元支付手段的约束开辟市场，有助于抵御美国这个国际货币体系霸权国的道德风险并提升我国在国际货币体系中的地位……这些业已为人们所熟知。那么，作为一种国际贸易计价结算工具，人民币如何才能站稳脚跟并拓展版图？人民币计价结算在我方并无多少问题，     

关于信用证诈骗犯罪的深层思考

在国际贸易活动中 ,国内外一些不法商人经常利用信用证这一支付手段进行金融诈骗 ,给国内企业和银行造成了严重损失 ,使大量国有资产流失。为遏制信用证诈骗犯罪的蔓延 ,很有必要通过对信用证诈骗犯罪的方式、原因及与之相关的监督防范机制进行深入分析 ,以寻求更加有效的防范措施 ,堵塞机制漏洞 ,减少金融风险 ,确保贸易安全。     

浅谈国际贸易中的风险转移问题

随着全球经济一体化的发展,国家与国家之间贸易的现象越来越常见,国际之间的经济贸易也成为许多国家经济发展中的一部分。改革开放以来,我国积极参与对外贸易,推动企业走向世界。据有关资料显示,我国进出口外贸总额已经居于世界第七位,贸易大国名副其实。相较于国内贸易,国外贸易其本身的复杂性所导致风险更大。而风险转移作为国际贸易的核心,不仅关系着买卖双方的权利义务,而且还可能影响国家间的经济发展。因此,仔细研究国际贸易中的风险转移问题十分必要。     

国际贸易的现状、特点及新形势

国际贸易的现状、特点及新形势白清桢一、国际贸易也称世界贸易，指各国之间的商品流通，是世界各国对外贸易的总和。一个国家外贸的发展水平反映了一个国家对外开放程度和对世界经济的依赖程度。一国对外贸易额与国内生产总值之比称为贸易依存度，这是表明其经济对外贸易...     

银行打包放款的风险及其防范

随着我国对外贸易的迅速发展,越来越多的出口商利用信用证打包贷款进行融资,这给许多银行带来了经营风险,风险主要来自于出口商和信用证两个方面。为了防范银行打包放款的风险,应严把信贷关口,给予不同企业一定的综合授信额度,控制好打包放款的比例、期限和贷款担保方式,严格审查信用证,做好贷后检查,加强银行内部监管。     

从信息不对称理论谈我国国际贸易风险的防范与治理

国际市场信息瞬息万变,信息不畅乃至信息不对称使国际贸易风险加大。在贸易实践中,贸易风险虽然无法完全避免,但可以通过改善信息不对称状况、选择适当的转嫁风险方式等措施,把国际贸易风险降到最低程度。     

关于信用证支付方式相关问题的探讨

信用证是银行有条件的付款保证 ,它是银行根据开证申请人 (进口商 )的要求或指示向出口商 (受益人 )开具的在规定的期限内凭规定的单据支付一定金额的书面保证。信用证按其性质、形式、付款期限和用途等可分为许多种类。常见的主要有跟单信用证、不可撤销信用证、保兑信用证、即期和远期信用证、备用信用证、可转让信用证几种。　　一、信用证支付方式下可能出现的风险分析1 .出口商的故意欺诈行为带来的风险。这是进口商所要面临的最大的风险。根据规定 ,银行是只凭相符单据付款而不过问货物或事实 ,即银行收到单据后 ,经审核与信用证规定…     

云南易货贸易发展研究——以“蔬菜换石油计划”为例

易货贸易是一种古老的贸易方式,是国际贸易乃至所有贸易的本源。易货贸易是被业界最早选择并且被广泛使用的贸易方式,但是这并不妨碍其在今天的国际贸易中发挥其独特的作用。但是同我国发展易货贸易的其他地区相比较发展水平较低、交易规模小、涉及类别还比较少、结合现代化技术的程度较低。本文致力于通过对现今云南易货贸易发展的标杆项目"中泰蔬菜换石油计划"为研究的范本,来探究符合云南省情的易货贸易发展模式。     

浅析信用证与合同不符的纠纷

信用证支付是国际商事交易中最主要的交易方式，很好地降低了双方违约的信用风险。但是在现实交易中信用证因其独立性常常出现与合同不符的纠纷。这种冲突的存在对促进国际商事交往产生了极大的不利影响。信用证与合同不符的预防措施有：谨慎约定合同条款；仔细审核信用证条款；深入调查贸易伙伴的资信状况。同时，对于非欺诈的条款，如果受益人收到的信用证中，经识别有软条款，应当立即通知开证申请人予以修改；对于欺诈行为．出口商可以考虑诉诸仲裁或者诉讼。     

在国际贸易中外语知识应用的重要性

在经济全球化的进程中,国际贸易在世界经济的发展中起到重要的作用。外语,作为国际贸易的一种交流工具备受重视。在外语中,英语作为国际语言,在国际贸易中必不可少,被广泛的使用。     

Economic interests and voting on the omnibus trade bill of 1987

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the votes on five pivotal amendments to the omnibus foreign trade bills of the U.S. House and Senate in 1987. Probit estimation is used to identify the relationships between geographic variations in employment in trade-sensitive industries and congressional voting on changes in foreign trade policy procedures. The implied pattern of expected net benefits for the industries from the five amendments is highly consistent with qualitative evidence on the costs and benefits at stake. Two general conclusions stand out: (1) Procedural foreign trade policy proposals can have very specific beneficiaries. (2) Diffuse export interests can be influential in opposition to procedural protectionism.     

Impact of trade and investment on income surge in Bangladesh: Evidence from trade liberalization regime

Trade and investment are crucial drivers of economic growth. Successful execution of trade and investment policy can elevate a developing country to a sustained growth path and make it self-reliant. Bangladesh implemented a trade liberalization policy in the 1980s, deviating much from its conservative trade policy. This article assesses the impacts of trade, investment in physical as well as human capital, and a few trade policy variables on income surge for the liberalized regime. The econometric analysis finds that export, import, and domestic investment stimulate income. The impact of foreign investment is not conducive. Public spending on education also contributes to the income surge. Among the policy variables, trade openness and currency depreciation produce a beneficial impact. Population growth retards economic growth. The baseline results hold in the estimations involving several specifications of variables and testified as robust. The article views that a comprehensive approach to trade and investment policy would ensure the comparative advantage of trade and the well-being of Bangladesh.     

Indonesia and bilateral trade agreements (BTAs)

Abstract

This paper analyses the perspectives of Indonesian state and non-state actors towards their country's increasing tendency to use bilateral trade agreements (BTAs) as part of its foreign economic policy. Unlike the other original members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Indonesian government has been rather slow in pursuing a BTA policy with non-ASEAN member countries. Nevertheless, due to the proliferation of BTAs in other ASEAN countries' foreign economic policies, it was inevitable that Indonesia would pursue similar agreements with its non-ASEAN major trading partners. Despite this, it remains questionable whether Indonesia's participation in such trade agreements will produce such positive results for Indonesian economy. The attitude of the majority of Indonesian domestic constituents to date remains sceptical to this type of agreement. This is not only because BTAs create specific obligations on a range of issues, from trade and investment regimes, this trade strategy also involves deeper and more comprehensive commitments that those agreed at the multilateral level.     

Restraining auto imports: Does anyone win?

The conventional wisdom suggests that import restraints help the protected domestic industry at the expense of consumers. In the longer term, however, trade restraint may encourage foreign firms to adopt new and more threatening business strategies, such as upgrading the quality of their products or moving plants to the United States. If these long-term dynamic effects of restraint are considered, trade restraints may prove harmful to the domestic industry as well as consumers.     

Interaction of real effective exchange rate with economic growth via openness of the economy: Empirical evidence from India

This paper examines the interaction between real effective exchange rate (REER) with select macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment, foreign institutional investors (FII), fiscal deficits, terms of trade, trade openness, and foreign exchange reserves from 1981–2017. Autoregressive distributed lag bounds test results confirm the existence of long‐run relationships among the considered variables. The study finds that among the selected macroeconomic variables, GDP and remittances have positive and significant impact on REER. The study also reveals that although the variables official development assistance, FII, and fiscal deficit have positive impacts on REER, the results are not statistically significant. Further, our study indicated that the speed of convergence of REER towards long‐run equilibrium is 30% per annum, which is below standard in nature.     

Foreign direct investment,information and communication technology,trade, and economic growth in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries: An empirical insight

Information and communication technology (ICT) is one of the key sectors promoting economic growth in the present modern era of globalization. It promotes technological advances in global communications as well as production techniques and contributes to economic growth and development. Most of the economic activities, including international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), are largely dependent on various modern sources of ICT. The objective of this study is to examine the dynamic relationship between FDI, ICT, trade, and per capita gross domestic product growth across the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) developing nations from 2000 to 2017. We have used different panel estimates such as fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, Fisher–Johansen cointegration test, panel autoregressive distributed lag, and Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality. We found existence of unidirectional causality from FDI to ICT and bidirectional causal relationship between trade and ICT. The outcome of our study suggests policy recommendations for improving the standards of ICT, specifically focusing on economic growth, trade openness, and facilitation of foreign investment in the SAARC countries.     

From Reagan to Trump: The Origins of US Neoliberal Protectionism

Donald Trump is often seen as a radical departure from the neoliberalism that has shaped recent American history and, at first glance, nowhere does this seem truer than on trade. Trump’s support for protectionism certainly seems to depart from neoliberalism, which we are used to thinking of as involving unqualified support for free trade. But should this really be seen as a departure? This paper argues that, instead, Trump’s trade policy should be seen a kind of ‘neoliberal protectionism’, which seeks to use the coercive power of the state to force other nations to conform to a market‐based economic logic. The origins of this neoliberal protectionism can be traced back to the 1980s when debates about foreign industrial policies first caused the United States to adopt a more aggressive approach to trade. From this perspective, Trump’s trade policy represents not a rejection of neoliberalism but an extreme articulation of it.     

The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries: Increasing FDI through International Trade Agreements?

The flow of foreign direct investment into developing countries varies greatly across countries and over time. The political factors that affect these flows are not well understood. Focusing on the relationship between trade and investment, we argue that international trade agreements—GATT/WTO and preferential trade agreements (PTAs)—provide mechanisms for making commitments to foreign investors about the treatment of their assets, thus reassuring investors and increasing investment. These international commitments are more credible than domestic policy choices, because reneging on them is more costly. Statistical analyses for 122 developing countries from 1970 to 2000 support this argument. Developing countries that belong to the WTO and participate in more PTAs experience greater FDI inflows than otherwise, controlling for many factors including domestic policy preferences and taking into account possible endogeneity. Joining international trade agreements allows developing countries to attract more FDI and thus increase economic growth.     

我国外汇储备增长的影响因素与实证检验

近年来,我国外汇储备呈现快速增长态势。本文从分析我国外汇储备快速增长的原因出发,利用协整分析方法对影响我国外汇储备的因素进行实证研究。结果表明,影响我国外汇储备的因素主要包括汇率、国内生产总值、外贸开放度等,而外资开放度和外债余额对外汇储备的影响不显著。