东北亚区域合作与图们江地区开发展望

本文考察了东北亚区域经济合作中的多国合作项目——图们江地区经济开发项目的背景之后,把图们江地区经济开发分为3个阶段,即起步（90年代前期）阶段、冷却（90年代后期）阶段、升温（2000年以后）阶段,着重阐述了东北亚地理中心图们江地区开发开放的火车头——延边;参考东盟经济合作的成功经验,探讨了东北亚经济合作的可能性;对图们江地区开发开放的前景进行了展望并提出了几点建议。     

延边州经济发展的战略思考

<正> 图们江下游地区做为多国利益的交汇处,深受东北亚各国乃至于国际社会的广泛关注。图们江口开发对延边对外开放总体格局的形成和延边经济的腾飞以及对东北地区的对外开放将产生深远的影响。     

延边对外贸易的现状及展望

1990年代上半期，延边对外贸易呈现超常规发展，而中期后由于朝鲜和俄罗斯经济的下滑，延边对外贸易大大萎缩。从1999年开始恢复，2000年1-9月份比上年同期上升20．5％。延边地处图们江地区，积极发展同周边各国的对外贸易，发展外向型经济对振兴延边经济，加快图们江开发具有十分重要的现实意义。本文以1990年代为大背景，通过对延边对外贸易现状的分析，找出其存在的问题，进而提出今后的发展前景和相关对策。     

延边地区物流现状与预测

图们江地区开发已进入实质性的可操作阶段 ,因此 ,对图们江地区物流的研究在图们江地区开发中居于重要地位。我国延边地区是图们江地区南部港口群 (包括俄罗斯的扎鲁比诺港、波谢特港和朝鲜的清津、罗津和先锋等北方三港 )的直接腹地。在今后相当时期内 (中短期 ) ,图们江地区物流的出口 (不包括海参崴、纳霍德卡和东方港 ) ,将有相当部分来自延边自治州 ,其进口也将有大部分用于自治州内 ,自治州外的边境物流将会逐渐增加 ,但它不影响自治州在图们江地区物流中的重要地位。自治州将会成为图们江口港口群的物流进出中国东北、乃至蒙古的集疏运系统的所在地 ,将形成新的物流中心。     

珲春暨图们江地区开放开发中的新进展及发展前景

1 997年以来 ,珲春的开发开放取得了新的进展 ,不仅表现为“量”的扩大 ,而且也体现了“质”的提高。从图们江地区开发开放的前景看 ,由于世界经济全球化的趋势进一步加强 ,投资贸易自由化的发展 ;图们江地区的政治环境相对稳定 ;我国即将加入 WTO;以及珲春已经历了 1 0年的开放历程 ,具备了较好的基础设施条件 ,这些有利的因素必将为珲春暨图们江地区的开发开放起到重要的推动作用。为此 ,应抓住历史赋予的机遇 ,继续坚持不懈地努力 ,把珲春暨图们江地区的开放开发推向前进。     

图们江地区开发的新进展和存在的问题

当今世界经济正在向区域化、一体化、国际化方向发展 ,国际经济界普遍认为 ,东北亚地区将是新世纪全球经济发展最富有潜力和活力的地区。图们江地区是东北亚的中心地带 ,加快图们江地区的开发 ,对整个东北亚的区域经济发展将起到极大的牵动作用。近年来 ,图们江地区的国际合作出现了新局面 ,经济开发的宏观环境得到了改善 ,经贸合作和交流都呈现出良好的发展态势 ,但图们江地区进一步开发还存在着许多需要解决的问题 ,这些乃是当务之急。     

图们江地区国际合作开发金融战略构想

积极吸引资金，加快图们江地区开发，是我们的主要任务，也是开发图们江地区的关键。因此，必须制定图们江地区开发的金融战略。作者认为，图们江地区开发的金融战略是：积极吸引资金，加快图们江地区开发。努力创造条件，创建东北亚金融中心。为此，作者在文章中重点研究了开发图们江地区需要的资金量，资金来源的十条渠道，争取吸引资金应采取的政策，以及资金形成的最佳结构等问题。     

新形势下中国图们江区域开发的机遇与挑战

2009年8月20日,国务院批复了《以长吉图为开发开放先导区的中国图们江区域合作开发规划纲要》,明确把图们江区域合作开发确定为"国家战略",[1]标志着中国图们江区域合作开发将进入一个新的发展阶段。这一新形势对中国图们江区域合作开发而言,既是机遇又是挑战。从近期东北亚地区政治经济形势的发展趋势来看,尽管不利于区域合作发展的因素仍然存在,但促进图们江区域经济合作发展的力量正在上升,可谓机遇大于挑战。[2]面对挑战,应超前谋划和运作,全力以赴把自己的问题先解决好,进而影响和辐射周边国家和地区,推进图们江合作与开发。     

论图们江地区开发的潜力与前景

图们江地区开发潜力巨大。其区位优势、资源潜力、合作潜力及极化效应、地区开发的带动力与扩散效应都应引起足够的重视。文章预测，图们江地区开发要经过各自开发、适当联合，到联合开发，再到地域扩散３个阶段。图们江地区开发需要国际社会的支持，在规划、组织协调、调查研究、投资等方面得到大力协助，其中最急需的是资金，因此成立图们江地区开发银行事在必行。     

成长三角:理论与现实——图们江与湄公河地区“成长三角”开发实践的比较

９０ 年代在亚洲地区，不以国家为主体形成的次区域经济合作获得了较大的发展。从理论上看，构成某种形式的“成长三角”最为重要的因素是，该地区对资金的吸引力和“腹地支持度”，从现实上考察图们江地区开发与湄公河流域开发，其既有相同之处，又有不同之处，图们江地区开发缓慢的主要制约因素是协调不力，并缺乏资金支持等，因此，图们江地区开发在实施先导阶段应该首先着力解决这方面的问题。     

Endogenous development: some issues of concern

This article aims to provide knowledge and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. The paper gives a theoretical overview of endogenous development, linked to issues of globalisation and poverty, and ongoing work among European institutions and academics that suggest shifts in Europe from exogenous to endogenous development approaches. It then makes a case for a paradigm shift – an African alternative to modernisation and development, namely endogenous development – using experiences with two NGOs in Ghana and Zimbabwe to locate theory in practice. The paper concludes with some empirical pre-requisites for conducting endogenous development with rural communities.

This article is prompted by the requests of my students at the University for Development Studies, Ghana, for knowledge and information, and practical guidance to managing and implementing within the framework of endogenous development. I start by giving a theoretical overview of the concept of endogenous development and link it with current issues of globalisation and poverty. I briefly mention current work among European institutions and academics that suggest shifts in Europe from exogenous to endogenous development approaches. Encouraged by such developments, I then make a case for a paradigm shift – an African alternative to modernisation and development, endogenous development. I bring to light the experiences with endogenous development in two NGOs – CECIK (Ghana) and AZTREC (Zimbabwe) – in order to locate theory in practice (praxis). I conclude by providing some empirical prerequisites for conducting endogenous development with rural communities, which demonstrate one way of conducting experimentation with farmers within the context of endogenous development.     

Complex adaptive systems as a valid framework for understanding community level development

Complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory is gaining mainstream recognition in development policy and management. This article looks to the correlations between development theory and CAS theory to support an argument for the validity of community level development as a complex adaptive system. The article describes some theoretical and practical implications of using CAS theory as a framework for community level development. This includes a call for researchers and practitioners to understand more thoroughly the contextualised nature of development, and the communities in which development interventions are implemented.     

吉林省设立综合配套改革试验区刍议

从特区到开发新区再到综合配套改革试验区的发展过程是从争取国家给予政策支持到争取国家给予发展自由度的过程。吉林省资源丰富,但经济社会发展中却没有亮点,缺乏超常规发展的契机。因此,在国家将实行更加宽松的政策和更大的自由度来发展试验区的形势下,吉林省要紧紧抓住这一有利时机,积极争取综合配套改革试点,以此作为区域发展的新契机。     

‘Bread and butter’ human rights: NGOs in Fiji

While ‘rights-based’ approaches to development – those in which development and poverty alleviation are viewed through the lens of human rights – have become the language of choice among the international development community, less is known about how human rights are used for development at the local level. Using a case study of Fiji, this research investigates how local NGOs understand and use human rights for development. It demonstrates some of the tensions involved in translating broad and supposedly universal approaches to human rights into local contexts.     

A cooperative Peru: Is centralisation of cooperatives better for local development?

Research shows that some agricultural cooperatives implement development projects in their local communities. What remains to be explained is why certain cooperatives pursue local development while others do not. Through a comparison of coffee cooperatives in two regions of Peru, this study examines the implications of a regional cooperative for local development. The creation of a regional cooperative leads to a concentration of resources and a decrease in the need and ability of local cooperatives to pursue independent development projects. At the same time, it allows for more equal access to those resources and to the benefits of cooperative-led development projects.     

以科学发展观统领区域经济社会发展——论《东北地区振兴规划》的指导思想与政策取向

国务院振兴东北地区等老工业基地办公室公布的《东北地区振兴规划》,明确提出了我国实现东北地区振兴的时间步骤安排、社会经济发展主要目标、基本途径和保障措施,为东北地区未来10~15年的经济社会建设指明了基本方向,特别是以推动产业结构优化升级为核心加快区域经济发展、以推进区域合作进程为核心促进区域协调发展、以加快改革开放和自主创新为核心增强区域发展活力、以发展社会事业和生态建设为重点提高区域发展支撑保障能力的政策思路,充分体现了科学发展观的要求。     

Sustainable development in cultural projects: mistakes and challenges

This article reports on research that analysed a number of sustainable development reports by international organisations which consolidate findings from different countries, to produce evidence of the powerful role of culture in sustainable development of various communities. The research looked at reports on sustainable development through cultural activities published between 2010 and 2013, which together provide an overview of about 80 sustainable development projects. Drawing on analysis of the development indicators approaches utilised by the reports’ authors, this article identifies the main challenges that cultural practitioners and policymakers face when trying to measure changes achieved through cultural support in developing communities. The paper illuminates various inconsistencies in the employment of qualitative and quantitative indicators of development, confusions between development indicators and cultural activities, and misunderstandings of cultural sustainability. These key mistakes lead to incorrect measurement of development changes. This article provides recommendations for how to address these problems in order to develop a more robust framework for development evaluations.     

The place of stories in development: creating spaces for participation through narrative analysis

The stories that we hear as we conduct development research or implement development projects are often relegated to the margins of development studies. This article argues that these stories require our attention, for they are windows on to indigenous narratives of development and our placement in those narratives. Examining these stories as efforts to emplot experiences of development and encounters with development professionals within particular narratives enables us to better understand our own positionality in the communities in which we work, and therefore better understand the opportunities and challenges that our research/interventions present to the emergence of a truly participatory development.     

长吉图先导区:探索沿边地区开发开放的新模式

国务院批准长吉图开发开放先导区,既是我国参与东北亚区域合作和进一步促进东北老工业基地振兴的新举措,同时也是我国创新沿边地区开发开放模式的新探索。从开发模式方面看,此举是将以往以边境城市为核心的据点式开发转变为沿边地区与内陆腹地的联动式开发的新探索;从开发内容方面看,此举是将以往以发展口岸经济为主转变为以产业综合开发和优化空间布局为主的新探索;从区域合作方面看,此举是将以往重点参与和推动国际合作转变为统筹国内与国际合作的新探索;从国际协调机制方面看,此举是将以往以地方合作为主转变为构建多层次合作平台的新探索。     

Development engagement with organised crime: a necessary shift or further securitisation?

Organised crime is increasingly being recognised as a development problem as well as a security threat. Underdevelopment creates a conducive environment for crime, while illicit flows undermine development progress. In response, development actors have begun to consider organised crime in their programming. However, there remains a reluctance to directly engage with organised crime, as there are fears that development will be further securitised. This has parallels with the reluctance of development actors to engage with conflict in the 1990s. This article draws on emerging reports from development agencies that begin to consider how organised crime can be addressed in development programming, comparing it to Goodhand's earlier framework on development and conflict. It evaluates what the different levels of engagement—working around crime, working in crime(-affected countries) and working on crime mean for the securitisation of development, assessing whether development engagement with organised crime is a necessary shift or further securitisation.