公共事业民营化模式分析——基于杭州湾跨海大桥的实证研究

20世纪下半叶以来,旨在改善公共部门绩效,提高公共物品供给质量的民营化运动成为公共事业领域改革的重要取向。在我国,随着政府逐渐放宽民间资本进入公共事业领域的门槛,BOT、TOT与PFI等模式被广泛运用于公共事业民营化改革中。这些民营化模式在引入民间资本、提高管理效率的同时也暴露出一些问题。杭州湾跨海大桥作为目前国内首次在重点基础设施建设中引入BOT模式的先例,对于民营化模式的运作不无借鉴意义。     

英国公用事业的民营化改革及其经验教训

英国公用事业的民营化改革具有深刻的经济、政治原因,英国采取了多种民营化形式,并取得了一定的成效;英国民营化后建立了由政府管制立法、执法和社会监督组成的管制框架;英国民营化改革的经验教训是多方面的,其中包括:法律制度是公用事业民营化改革的准则,政企分离是公用事业民营化改革的关键,竞争是提高公用事业经济效率的根本途径,有效竞争是制定公用事业管制政策的目标导向,政府应按照经济原理制定公用事业的管制价格。     

公共事业民营化改革中的政府治理能力提升探讨

作为现代公共治理的基本方略,民营化已成为我国改善公共事业质量的重要选择。但是公共事业民营化在产生积极效应的同时也存在着一定的风险,需要政府切实提高治理能力加以应对。针对现实实践中存在的问题,政府需要在更新治理思维、转变政府职能、加强行政监管、优化制度设计、培育社会主体等方面努力,以促进我国公共事业民营化的健康发展。     

论政府"做精明买主"的重要性——评唐纳德·凯特尔的《权力共享:公共治理与私人市场》

民营化是当代政府改革的趋势之一,然而现实中人们对民营化存在着争议.唐纳德·凯特尔既不赞成也不反对民营化,他以最常见的民营化形式--合同承包为切人点,深入分析美国政府的合同承包中所存在的各种问题.凯特尔认为,合同制的核心在于政府要提高合同管理能力,做精明的买主.<权力共享>一书为我们认识民营化提供了一个新的视角.     

公共服务市场化并非政府责任市场化——对公交民营化改革的审思

近年,不少地方的公交改革存在对民营化认识的普遍谬误,有待厘清.公交改制失败不能简单地归咎于民营化,民营化的主旨是实现公交运营机制的市场化,以提高效率,而非政府责任的市场化,以推卸责任.公共交通回归公益性定位,并不意味着完全重走传统的老路,既需要通过适度的民营化改革,打破传统的政府垄断型公交服务供给模式,同时,政府也要回归公益角色和本职,尽职履行依法监管和合理补贴的责任.     

城市公共事业市场化改革的理论反思与探讨

20世纪80年代西方各国掀起了民营化改革浪潮,对于公共产品的质量与效率的提升起到了积极的作用,也为我国城市公共事业改革提供了理论支点和实践参照。但是改革者对于这一理论的解读和实践并不符合民众的意愿,反而使改革陷入了越市场化,价越涨的怪圈,引来了多方的争议与声讨,这就有必要就我国城市公共事业改革的理论构想和实践运作进行反思。     

逆向合同外包:国外民营化发展的新取向

20世纪90年代末以来,世界民营化发展开始转型,逆向合同外包的兴起成为目前世界民营化发展的新取向.逆向合同外包说明了公共服务提供的复杂性和动态性,它的兴起既是由于其新自由主义理论根基受到动摇,反映了西方国家由第一轮新公共管理改革向重新强调中央权力的第二轮改革转变的时代背景,也与民营化难以带来成本节省、服务质量下降、合同实施困难以及公共行政理论的转换等因素直接相关.深入分析逆向合同外包问题,有助于全面认识与把握民营化的发展态势,为科学推动我国民营化改革的发展提供借鉴.     

准公共物品民营化的风险分析

准公共物品民营化模式自上世纪九十年代中期引至我国行政改革之中,并在实践中取得了相应成效。但由于我国正处于转型时期,在改革过程中由于制度与法律体系的不完善,以及民营化中资本的逐利性与准公共物品公共性及公益性的内在矛盾,导致我国在准公共物品民营化过程中存在诸多风险。这些风险具体表现为准公共物品民营化中的新垄断、政府与企业的合谋、公共安全、公民与顾客的角色冲突等。这些风险的存在阻碍了我国准公共物品民营化改革的有序推进,扭曲了准公共物品民营化改革之目的。     

公共事业管理主体的界定以及本土化分析

对公共事业管理主体的认识,在某种意义上决定着对公共事业管理专业设置与公共事业改革方向、途径的认识。公共事业管理的主体是指不以盈利为目的,依照法律规定专门从事对社会公共产品的生产、公共服务的提供和公共秩序及安全的维护等进行有效管理的行政性组织和社会性组织的总称。分析公共事业管理主体必须从国情出发。现阶段,我国公共事业管理的主体是由政府、执政党、非政府公共组织与民众构成的系统。     

用法制规范公共事业管理民营化

加强对进入公共事业领域民间资本的法律支持与保障推行公共事业民营化对民间资本而言,意味着一次极好的投资机会。与民营企业已经进入的产业相比,公共事业显然是一个更为庞大的产业,每年的投资达数千亿元,服务收入当是一笔巨大数额。尽管由于政府对价格的管制,销售利润不可能太     

US state government privatization: Implications for social equity and inequality?

Privatization of state government services is commonplace, but our understanding of its effects is limited by data availability. We study the relationship between American state government contracting and public sector wages. Governments have used public sector employment to support a variety of goals, including social equity and economic development, but privatization, as a new public management (NPM) reform, may shift the focus. Our empirical analysis shows that state privatization of service delivery is associated with decreases in the public sector wage premium, but that these effects are not driven by gender, race, or low-levels of educational attainment. The fidelity of the implementation to NPM values conditions these effects. We also find that contracting service delivery is associated with a lower public sector wage premium for middle-class workers.     

中国足球体制改革与监管体系建设--概念、问题与方向

2004年的俱乐部罢赛和国足冲击世界杯失利风波已经过去,足协领导也进行了调整,联赛也在正常地开展。这一切似乎表明,我们的足球事业在经历一番挫折后又步入正常发展的轨道。但我们对此却心存疑虑,原因就在于中国足球事业的体制仍然没有进行根本性调整,对足球与市场、政府的关系问题,有关方面似乎还没有非常清晰合理的认识。从足球是一种公共服务的角度论述了政府干预的必要性和干预的方式。文章认为,我国的足球产业正在经历结构性变革和制度转型,在产权私有化和收入市场化的同时,足球的管理方式没有转变或跟进。因此,如果不在适当的时机提出与足球本身特征和市场经济发展相符监管框架的话,在强烈的逐利动机驱使下,黑哨、假球、赌球、骚乱等不良行为很可能会再次成为争论的焦点。     

美国的公务员制度改革及其启示

“重塑人力资源管理”是美国联邦政府公务员制度自1883年建立以来持续时间最长的重大改革。这一持续8年的公务员制度改革,既是为了解决传统公务员制度的种种问题,也是为了实现制度变革与发展的愿景,即形成一种与现时代政府环境相适应的联邦政府人力资源管理理想制度。美国联邦政府的公务员制度改革,反映了当今时代公共部门人事管理的某些普遍要求,对于包括我国在内的其它国家的公务员制度改革与发展具有一些启示意义。     

A Contagious Concept: Explaining the Spread of Privatization in the Telecommunications Sector

Qualitative studies suggest that the spread of privatization of public utilities is due to a change of the economic paradigm and institutional isomorphism pressures. However, current quantitative studies mostly account for domestic factors. These factors can explain differences in national privatization trajectories but cannot explain the large trend. Based on a quantitative analysis of privatizations in the telecommunications sector in 21 OECD countries, the article argues that emulation pressures can explain the trend toward privatization. The analysis suggests that privatization gained legitimacy as more and more governments emulated privatization policies they observed in countries they perceived as similar. However, the article finds no evidence of cross‐sectoral diffusion. Thus, according to the analysis, telecommunications privatization diffused within the same sector between countries, but not within the same country between different sectors.     

Outsourcing Public Health Laboratory Services: A Blueprint for Determining Whether to Privatize and How

In a continuing effort to reform and reinvent the way public organizations do business, the outsourcing of services has become a popular tool, particularly as resource constraints limit options available to governments. All too often, the decision is made, for reasons of ideology or resource constraints, to outsource services without giving careful consideration to the impact of privatization on the core missions of an agency, or whether privatization, in fact, offers real cost savings. Purchasing tools designed for traditional commodity purchases are often grossly unsuited for making decisions on specialized technical services.
This article suggests a process for the evaluation of an option to outsource laboratory services. It suggests that, prior to contracting or privatizing services, the concerned agency should evaluate:
the impact on the agency's core mission
the availability, stability, and reliability of private sector service providers
the relative costs of internal and external (public or private sector) service providers
the potential impact on regulatory enforcement
the ability to monitor the performance of external providers
potential conflicts of interest
Based on this model, the ongoing internal evaluation of services offers public agencies management tools to obtain the best value for the taxpayer dollar, not only in terms of the raw cost per test, but also in managing the quality of the services.     

Against Privatization in China: A Historical and Empirical Argument

Reform in China’s urban public sector has been so contentious that the nature, function, validity and viability of state firms require clarifications. First of a two-part critique, this essay assesses the outcomes and wider consequences of China’s largely free wheeling process of privatization as compared to the rationale claimed for its instigation. By identifying the ideological and political forces behind that process, the essay further seeks to explain the erosion of public policy capacities pivotal for social defence in market globalization, thereby demonstrating the need to reorient the reform. Losing the opportunity to reinvigorate a sizable and strong state sector capable of healthy interactions with other sectors is shown to be especially damaging in developing and transitional societies, which in turn negatively impacts both global economy and ecology.     

公立医疗机构民营化改革的模式及其比较

公立医疗机构民营化改革是新自由主义思潮波及并影响医疗卫生领域的重要表现,是当代全球公共部门治道变革的有机组成。尽管全球金融危机的爆发引起了人们对新自由主义思潮的全面反思,但是公共部门民营化改革的取向不会因此发生重大的转变。从国内公立医疗机构民营化改革的实践来看,托管经营模式、股份合作制模式和产权整体转让模式是较为典型的三种模式,这三种模式不论是在改革的进路、力度、目标,还是在绩效、阻力与风险等方面均存在着较为显著的差异。文章借助于浙江公立医疗机构民营化改革的实证材料,对上述三种模式进行了多维度的比较分析,以期更好地解读公立医疗机构民营化改革的不同模式及其适用性。     

A Review of: “Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong by Melanie Manion”

ABSTRACT

The impact of privatization on public service quality is an enduring issue in public policy and management. Advocates of privatization suggest that market forces prompt private firms to provide better quality services, while opponents point towards the potential for quality to be traded off against profits. Drawing on incomplete contract and capability theories, we explore a more nuanced possibility: that private providers of public services perform better on dimensions of public service quality that are easier to measure and monitor, and vice versa. Using panel data on service quality in prisons in England and Wales in the period 1998 to 2012, we find that privately managed prisons do perform better on dimensions of quality, such as confinement conditions and prisoner activity, which are more easily measured, whereas public prisons perform better on dimensions of quality, such as levels of order and prisoner safety, which are less easily measured and managed.     

The Financial Crisis and Varieties of Pension Privatization Reversals in Eastern Europe

Since the global financial crisis, those East European countries that had partly privatized their pension systems in the 1990s or early 2000s increasingly scaled back their mandatory private retirement accounts and restored the role of public provision. What explains this wave of reversals in pension privatization and variation in its outcomes? Proponents of pension privatization had argued that it would boost domestic capital markets and economic growth. By revealing how pension privatization helped increase sovereign debt and how large a part of pension funds' assets was invested in government bonds, the crisis strengthened the position of domestic opponents of mandatory private accounts. But these actors' capacity and determination to reverse pension privatization depended on the level of their country's public debt and on pension funds' portfolio structure. Empirically, the argument is supported with case studies of Hungarian, Polish, and Slovak pension reform.     

Public Service Under Challenge in the Age of Privatization

During the second and third quarters of this century, the scope of public service expanded significantly in almost all societies irrespective of their social, economic, political, and ideological predilections. In the past, such an expansive public bureaucracy came under criticism for its various shortcomings and pathological implications. However, recently, a more serious form of assault on the public service has been introduced by the proponents of the current privatization movement. The advocacy of privatization by the dominant national and international forces has created three major forms of challenges to the public service: a challenge to its legitimacy, a challenge to its ethical standards, and a challenge to its motivational foundation. In this article, the nature and intensity of these challenges are analyzed, the claims and assumptions of privatization are reexamined, and some possible remedies are explored.