Neorealism,Security Cooperation,and Europe's Relative Gains Dilemma

Most neorealists argue that relative decline constitutes a systemic incentive for European security cooperation. Although this claim is broadly accepted, I argue that the relationship between relative decline and European security cooperation is complicated by a number of factors. First, European calculations about relative decline bear both a global and a regional (that is, intra-European) component. If a European country is to effectively mitigate relative decline, cooperation is not sufficient. It is just as important that cooperation develops in a way that underscores that country's comparative strengths and minimizes its weaknesses. In this regard, European countries are often in direct competition with each other. Secondly, when Europeans are thinking about their relative power position, some countries matter more than others: a given European country may accept to incur a relative loss vis-à-vis another country (European or otherwise) but not others. These calculations are further complicated by issue linkage. Some countries may accept relative losses on some issues (for example, security) in exchange for gains on others (economic). This article examines how intra-European considerations of relative gains affect the way in which Europe's main powers seek to cope with relative decline and assesses how those considerations affect security cooperation in a European Union (EU) framework. In doing so, it aims to unpack the otherwise vague notions of relative decline and European security cooperation.     

Separable but not separate forces: NATO's development of the combined joint task force

This article argues that the Combined Joint Task Force has profoundly affected the European security architecture. The CJTF structure shifted the terms of the European security debate from whether NATO should have a role in the post‐Cold War world to how NATO should act in this new security environment. The CJTF therefore helped NATO to survive its post‐Cold War existential dilemma, and to emerge with the same level of cohesion and cooperation that it possessed during the Cold War.     

加强中国与东盟能源安全合作的国际法思考

中国与东盟的能源安全合作已从现实和制度层面展开,但是仍然存在能源产品出口受到限制、能源运输通道安全受到威胁、南海问题向国际化方向发展等问题,应当注重国际法规范在保障中国与东盟能源安全合作中的作用,利用联合国条约体系、WTO协议和CAFTA协议,充分认识ECT和NAFTA协定的借鉴意义。     

European perspectives towards the rise of Asia: contextualising the debate

To what extent can we speak of a distinctively ‘European’ security approach towards the Asia-Pacific region? In order to address that timely question, this article examines how Britain, France, Germany and the European Union (EU) are framing their evolving security roles in the Asia-Pacific region, and how those individual perspectives intersect with each other. The article identifies a number of important common features in Europe’s approaches towards security in the Asia-Pacific, namely the tendency of most European actors to emphasize the economic and diplomatic nature of their contribution to regional security, their promotion of regional multilateral security fora, their rejection of the notion that China’s rise is inherently challenging for regional and global security, and their willingness to signal their differences towards Washington’s emphasis on military power and alliance-based approach. However, and despite the existence of common traits, individual European actors show different degrees of closeness vis-à-vis the US and China and feature different perspectives regarding which security relationships they should prioritize in the region (if any), or the appropriate balance between diplomacy and security and defence cooperation. Such divergences prevent Europeans from developing a coherent security profile in the region and preclude us from speaking of a distinctively European security approach towards the Asia-Pacific.     

东盟国家的安全合作及其影响

东盟国家安全合作的目的是借助合作,实现优势互补,提高军队的作战能力,以镇压内乱和加强边境联防,共同抵御边界和海上的各种威胁。东盟成员间的安全合作主要围绕东盟地区论坛、成员国建立信任措施、南中国海争端、地区低烈度威胁及军事和防务等领域开展。东盟的安全合作是积极防御性质的合作,它将有利于亚太多边安全机制的建立。     

经济安全与东北亚地区经济合作

随着全球经济的不断发展以及各国经济连锁影响的进一步扩大，各国为了维护本国的民族利益与经济安全，对经济领域里的合作尤为重视，使得地区安全与经济合作紧密地联系在一起。东北亚地区经济合作与经济安全昭示着中国应积极参与东北亚地区经济合作，以最大限度地维护中国在东北亚区域的经济利益不受侵害。     

New Security Challenges and the Need for New Forms of EU Cooperation: The Solidarity Declaration against Terrorism and the Open Method of Coordination

Abstract

The new transnational security threats, such as terrorism, challenge traditional methods of European Union cooperation. In the era of threats to inter-state peace the Union engendered security through ‘passive’ integration in the form of the abolition of European borders. Today the EU is increasingly given the responsibility for creating security and safety, both externally and internally, by the means of ‘active’ security instruments such as the European Security and Defence Policy and the Solidarity Declaration of 2004. The challenge is that these policies and principles require a vision beyond that of a free market, common threat perceptions and effective coordination of the crisis management capacity of EU member states. This article argues that the practical needs following this qualitative step, such as the strategic engagement of new security actors and levels of EU governance on a long term basis, are very similar to the ones that the Open Method of Coordination has attempted to resolve in EU cooperation in the field of welfare policies. It suggests that this method should be used also to strengthen the Union security policy and crisis management capacity.     

2003年的东盟与中国-东盟自由贸易区

在东南亚经济复苏、东亚经济增长、世界形势多变的情况下 ,东盟在2003年比较活跃 ,成为亚洲舞台上的一个热点 ,不仅促进了东盟内部在政治、经济、地区安全、社会的一体化进程 ,而且还进一步扩大了与中国、日本、韩国、印度等亚太国家的合作 ,加强了与美国、欧盟在非传统安全领域的对话与合作。中国—东盟自由贸易区进展顺利 ,它的启动积极地推动了东盟与中国经贸关系的发展。一、东盟 :扩大合作 ,促进一体化2003年的世界并不宁静 ,美英联军发动对伊拉克战争 ,“SARS”上半年肆虐东北亚和东南亚 ,在这种多变的形势下 ,东盟在各方面加强了内…     

非传统安全视野下中国与东盟警务合作机制研究

一、中国与东盟各国所面临的非传统安全挑战 近年来，中国积极与东盟各国加强对外合作关系建设。通过“10＋1”与“10＋3”会议机制以及东盟地区论坛等形式，中国与东盟各国在政治、经济、文化等多个领域的交流与合作得到了进一步的加强与发展。但是，中国与东盟同样也共同面临着非传统安全的严峻挑战。     

印度东向战略：进展、影响及应对

从20世纪90年代初至今,印度＂东向＂战略已经历了＂东向＂和＂东进＂两个阶段,其政策力度和影响越来越大。对中国而言,既有扩大合作、增进交流的机遇,也面临着经济竞争加剧、地缘政治压力加大的挑战。中国应当对其加以密切关注,发挥经贸大国优势,推动区域合作,加强与东盟的政治安全联系,积极应对周边地缘政治格局的新变化。     

Rising to the Challenge: Europe’s Security Policy in East Asia amid US-China Rivalry

ABSTRACT

China’s growing power and assertiveness towards its smaller and weaker neighbours has been a wakeup call for the European Union and its member states which, as a result, have stepped up their involvement in East Asia. EU security policy in the region shows many elements of alignment with the United States, but also differences. In North East Asia, the EU has adopted harsh sanctions against North Korea but, contrary to the Trump administration which continues to seek regime change, has left the door open for dialogue. Moreover, the EU supports the process of trilateral cooperation among China, Japan and South Korea, while Washington has traditionally been lukewarm towards a process that excludes the US and risks being dominated by Beijing. The transatlantic allies also show differing approaches with regard to maritime disputes in the South China Sea. While EU security policy in East Asia is largely complementary to that of Washington, in some cases Europe tends – albeit inadvertently – to favour Beijing.     

2011年中国—东盟关系:成效与挑战

2011年是中国—东盟建立对话关系20周年,双方在政治安全、经济以及社会文化各方面的合作都取得显著成效,但也存在一些问题。如何增进政治互信,进一步深化各领域合作是中国与东盟互利友好关系发展中需要解决的课题。     

新冠肺炎疫情与全球安全文化的退化

安全文化是一个社群就怎样界定安全和安全威胁、怎样保障和实现安全所达成的主体间理解和共同知识。冷战之后,全球化推动了一个全球社会的初步形成,因之也催生了一种以开放安全、共同安全与合作安全为基本内容的合作型全球安全文化的雏形。但是由于全球治理失灵,不断出现且日益积累的全球性威胁得不到有效应对,民粹现实主义强势兴起,合作型全球安全文化屡遭重创,开始向以封闭安全、孤立安全、零和安全的冲突型安全文化转变,明显降低了国际安全合作的几率。抗击新冠肺炎疫情中的全球公共安全合作的失败就是一个明显的例证。虽然人类向共同体进化的历史大趋势不可阻挡,但在一段时间内,合作型全球安全文化与冲突型全球安全文化的激烈竞争将会是国际关系的新常态。     

俄罗斯联邦信息安全立法体系及对我国的启示

俄罗斯联邦已经形成了以宪法为立法依据,以一般信息法为立法基础,以若干纲领性文件为立法的政策指导和理论依托,以具体的法律规范为立法支撑的信息安全立法体系.俄罗斯信息安全立法在法制观念、立法及时性、政策引导、国际合作等方面的经验,有助于引导我国科学制定信息安全立法规划,把握立法的完整性,从主体、客体和内容三方面完善信息安全...     

European security as practice: EU–NATO communities of practice in the making?

ABSTRACT

European security is at a critical juncture and many have called for a more coherent and efficient response, involving both the EU and NATO. However, the primary tool for EU–NATO cooperation, “Berlin Plus”, has been stuck in a political quagmire since the mid-2000s, making a lot of scholars to conclude that this cooperation is obsolete and outdated. This article is challenging this view by analysing a range of informal but regular interaction patterns that have emerged. Using practice theory, it sheds new light on and explores how EU and NATO staff at all levels engage in informal practices on various sites in headquarters in Brussels and in field operations. A study of EU–NATO cooperation as practice focuses on the everyday, patterned production of security as well as what makes action possible, such as (tacit) practical knowledge and shared “background” knowledge (education, training, and experience). The article also discusses the extent to which shared repertoires of practice may evolve into loose communities of practice that cut across organisational and professional boundaries.     

对国家安全特点与治理原则的思考

近年来,世界各国越来越重视国家安全问题,并把它放在国家治理中越来越重要的位置,中国也不例外。然而,不少人对国家安全的理解还存在较大偏差,主要表现在要么笼统抽象地谈论国家安全,要么只是关注国家安全的某一个方面,对国家安全涉及问题的系统性讨论不多,即使那些为数不多的讨论也不够全面和深入。有效进行国家安全治理,需要全面、系统和深入地厘清“国家安全”概念的内涵和外延,以及国家安全与其他价值之间的关系,并在此基础上探讨国家安全治理的原则和路径。国家安全是一个内涵极为丰富的概念,具有多面性、关联性、变动性、相对性、非唯一性、主观性和社会性等特征,深入研究和把握国家安全要有总体安全思维,从总体安全的角度全面审视我们面临的挑战,借鉴中外历史经验和教训,并在此基础上加以认真应对。因此,国家安全治理的路径选择至少应遵循总体、全面、兼顾、适度、平衡、顺势与合作等原则。     

论中国在推动东北亚区域合作中的作用与对策

东北亚地区既是中国开展区域经济合作的重点地区,也是难点地区。鉴于东北亚地区各国的区域经济合作战略和经济实力,中国应该在东北亚区域合作中发挥关键性推动者的作用。以地区多边安全机制建设合作促进经济合作、以深化双边合作促进多边区域合作、以次区域开发合作促进整体性的区域经济合作、以具体领域的合作促进全面的经济合作等,是当前中国推动该地区经济合作的最佳政策选择。     

试析未来美国对外政策的走向

奥巴马国家安全团队组成人员基本上都是经验丰富的温和务实派,体现了美国外交和国际安全问题上的现实主义倾向。美国外交将改变布什政府的单边主义,注重多边合作。中美关系不会过于偏离正常轨道,但在诸如知识产权、汇率、人权、应对全球气候变化等问题上,中国可能面临更多的压力。     

中印（尼）两国的服务贸易比较分析

中国和印尼作为东亚两个新兴经济体,2008年次债危机以来,其经济一直保持较快的增长。服务业在两国经济发展中的地位不断上升,为两国之间开展服务贸易奠定较好的基础,但是由于经济发展水平和产业结构的相似性,两国服务贸易的进出口结构存在一定的相似性,导致中国与印尼的服务贸易在国际市场上存在竞争性的一面。尽管如此,中国与印尼之间的服务业各有优势,双方服务贸易同时具有互补性。两国服务贸易互补性较强的行业主要是建筑业、运输业、旅游业。随着两国经贸合作的深入,以及两国政府的积极推动,两国之间的服务贸易规模将不断扩大。     

探析中俄地区安全务实合作

中俄在许多安全领域具有共同利益，两国之间的安全合作也有较为坚实的政治、经济和历史基础。在新的安全环境下，中俄双方需共同努力，在以下方面推进务实安全合作，保证战略稳定和地区稳定：共同推动上合组织有效履行维护地区安全责任；在战略互信的基础上深入开展军事合作；加强维护地区安全方面的合作；深化在非传统安全领域的合作。