Constructing a surveillance impact assessment

This paper describes surveillance impact assessment (SIA), a methodology for identifying, assessing and resolving risks, in consultation with stakeholders, posed by the development of surveillance systems. This paper appears to be the first such to elaborate an SIA methodology. It argues that the process of conducting an SIA should be similar to that of a privacy impact assessment (PIA), but that an SIA must take account of a wider range of issues, impacts and stakeholders. The paper categorises the issues and impacts to be considered in the conduct of an SIA and identifies the benefits of a properly conducted SIA.     

公共视频监控中的公民隐私权保护研究

作为一种技术性侦查和创新性管理工具的公共视频监控,正日益受到政府青睐,民众对安全感的渴求也助推了这股浪潮。但正如硬币有两面,公共视频监控带来的负面效应正在显现,公民隐私在监控社会中无所遁形,公民正在被分类、正在失去个性、自由,公民的私人领域被进一步压缩。面对可能到来的\"极权社会\"的威胁,必须通过隐私权框架来规制公共视频监控。这种规制由三个方面组成:以数据隐私保护为前提的公共视频监控的合法化、以公众参与和监督为核心的透明性以及以隐私侵权责任承担为保障的公共视频监控的问责制。唯有如此,才能避免公共视频监控与公民隐私权的尖锐对立。     

论公共摄像监视——以隐私权为中心

目前，在公共空间实施摄像监视已日益普遍。如何看待公共空间中摄像头“注视”之下的个人隐私权并予以相应保护，我国现有的立法尚未予以足够关注，司法上亦采取较为保守的态度。事实上，个人身处公共空间，亦有其隐私利益存在。因为隐私并不仅仅是他人头脑中关于人们自身信息的某种缺失，而更多的是，人们对于自身信息的控制。摄像头长时间地有计划地有目的地注视，不同于路人偶然无意识的一瞥，它将使人们因此而丧失对自身信息的选择暴露权和控制权，从而导致个人在公共空间的某些隐私利益的丧失。鉴于此，我们认为有必要从立法上和司法上规范公共摄像监视行为，捍卫人们在公共空间中的必要的隐私利益，维护人们在公共空间中的个性正义。     

The regulation of civilian drones' impacts on behavioural privacy

Surveillance technologies have burgeoned during the last several decades. To surveillance's promises and threats, drones add a new dimension, both figuratively and literally. An assessment of the impacts of drones on behavioural privacy identifies a set of specific threats that are created or exacerbated. Natural controls, organisational and industry self-regulation, co-regulation and formal laws are reviewed, both general and specific to various forms of surveillance. Serious shortfalls in the regulatory framework are identified. Remedies are suggested, together with means whereby they may come into being.     

监听侦查的法治实践:美国经验与中国路径

20世纪50年代,我国侦查机关就开始采用耳目监听等秘密方式收集违法犯罪证据。20世纪90年代至21世纪初,国家安全机关、公安机关、检察机关的监听侦查行为相继得到合法化。在这一合法化过程中,我国监听侦查法治实践主要从构建“附需要理由的严格批准程序”和满足“侦查犯罪的需要”的实体性程序这两个方面展开,公民宪法上的隐私权并未在这一过程中得到体现。为保护公民宪法上的隐私权免受监听侦查权的任意侵害,我国监听侦查法治实践应沿着程序性正当程序与实体性正当程序的构建渐次推进。首先,发展宪法上隐私权对监听侦查的防御功能;其次,通过不同层级法院许可令的构建,创设程序性正当程序的控权机制;再次,通过廓清犯罪调查的一般需要与超越法律执行一般需要的特别需要之间的界线,建立隐私期待的适当性和“特别需要”原则这两个实体性正当程序审查标准。     

论隐私的法律保护范围

隐私权是自然人人格权的重要内容 ,但并不是所有的隐私都应得到法律的保护 ,法律保护的隐私的范围应严格限定为具有合法性的个人隐私。由于我国现行立法没有对隐私做出具体的规定 ,一方面使得公民的隐私权难以得到充分的法律保护 ;另一方面又有试图将隐私范围扩大化的倾向 ,并使隐私权超出合理的范围而与其他权利相冲突。     

网络环境下远程医疗若干法律问题初探

目前,世界上还没有国家通过立法认定远程医疗。远程医疗对人类医疗卫生事业的发展有着重大而深远的意义。自主性、契约性、地域性决定了远程医疗不同的法律特征及其调整机制。网络环境下的远程医疗涉及到计算机、法律、伦理等诸多领域的问题。本文选择了远程医疗设备评估、许可证及隐私权的保护等几个法律问题进行探讨。     

风险社会的刑法风险及其防范

在风险社会刑法出现了一些新动向:刑法的任务由保护法益转向保护国民的安全感;预防理念从消极预防转向积极预防;犯罪圈不断膨胀;传统归责理论有所突破。这些新动向使刑法在遏制风险的同时,自身也潜藏着风险:一是不利于实现社会福利最大化;二是可能导致泛刑法化与重刑化;三是刑法的自由保障机能被弱化;四是责任原则有大范围超越的风险。要消除这些风险,必须平衡好允许的危险与禁止的危险的关系;协调好自由保障与风险防范的关系;权衡好成本与收益的关系。总之,"最好的社会政策也是最好的刑事政策"这句名言在今天仍然应当被坚持。     

论法律援助法律文书的结构

法律援助法律文书是法律援助机构、当事人及其代理人等依法制作的处理各类诉讼案件和非诉讼案件的、具有法律效力的文书的总称,它具有鲜明的群众性、法定的强制性、制作的合法性和时效性、形式的规范性等特征。为此,在制作法律援助法律文书时,要坚持尊重客观事实原则和严格依法制作原则,并准确把握法律援助法律文书的种类和结构等。     

析《规划环境影响评价条例》

《规划环境影响评价条例》的颁布是我国环境立法的重大进展。它对进一步规范和促进规划环境影响评价工作,切实保障在规划源头预防环境污染和生态破坏,健全环境影响评价制度具有重要意义。与环境影响评价法相比,该务例有很多亮点,但仍存在一些缺陷。针对其存在的问题,如何强化公众参与、完善规划审查、强化法律责任、增加替代方案等,将是今后条例完善应重点探讨的问题。     

‘Look to yourselves,that we lose not those things which we have wrought.’ What do the proposed changes to the purpose limitation principle mean for public bodies' rights to access third-party data?

This article analyses the proposed changes to the purpose limitation principles contained in the draft Data Protection Regulation adopted by the European Commission in January 2012. It examines the historical motives for the introduction of the principle as part of the 1995 Data Protection Directive, and looks at the constitutional framework under which it operates both at EU and member state level. It considers the risks and long-term consequences that EU citizens may face if the principle is eroded or substantially abandoned.     

论隐私、隐私权的概念和特征

本文着重论述隐私概念和特征、隐私权概念和特征、西方隐私权的新构成、以及隐私权和其他相关人格权的区别。采用比较分折的方法,论述了国外隐私权渊源及发展,探讨我国隐私权保护滞后的原因。并力图对隐私、隐私权作一个科学的界定。     

Understanding the notion of risk in the General Data Protection Regulation

The goal of this contribution is to understand the notion of risk as it is enshrined in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), with a particular on Art. 35 providing for the obligation to carry out data protection impact assessments (DPIAs), the first risk management tool to be enshrined in EU data protection law, and which therefore contains a number of key elements in order to grasp the notion. The adoption of this risk-based approach has not come without a number of debates and controversies, notably on the scope and meaning of the risk-based approach. Yet, what has remained up to date out of the debate is the very notion of risk itself, which underpins the whole risk-based approach. The contribution uses the notions of risk and risk analysis as tools for describing and understanding risk in the GDPR. One of the main findings is that the GDPR risk is about “compliance risk” (i.e., the lower the compliance the higher the consequences upon the data subjects' rights). This stance is in direct contradiction with a number of positions arguing for a strict separation between compliance and risk issues. This contribution sees instead issues of compliance and risk to the data subjects rights and freedoms as deeply interconnected. The conclusion will use these discussions as a basis to address the long-standing debate on the differences between privacy impact assessments (PIAs) and DPIAs. They will also warn against the fact that ultimately the way risk is defined in the GDPR is somewhat irrelevant: what matters most is the methodology used and the type of risk at work therein.     

公共空间运用大规模监控的法理逻辑及限度——基于个人信息有序共享之视角

为应对现代化进程中的社会风险,安抚公众对风险的恐慌情绪,公共空间大规模监控随之诞生,并迅速在现实社会和网络空间中全面运用。公共治理不能取安全保障而舍隐私保护,公共空间大规模监控的运用并非以牺牲隐私权为代价,而是在保障安全法益的同时兼顾隐私法益的保护。在此既保障安全,又保护隐私的法理念下,公共空间大规模监控的运用体现了风险治理从个人本位走向社会本位的转变趋势,并促进了个人信息保护从自主支配到有序共享的逻辑转换。为寻求安全保障与隐私保护之间的平衡路径,在公共空间合理运用大规模监控措施,就必须加强信息收集、存储、使用的阶段性控制,建立个人信息合理使用制度,实现个人信息的有序共享。