专家辅助人出庭协助质证实务探讨

为相关部门实施＂两法＂以及制定＂专家辅助人出庭协助鉴定意见质证实施细则＂提供参考资料,需要对＂有专门知识的人＂出庭就鉴定人的鉴定意见质证等六个亟待解决的实务问题进行探讨。＂有专门知识的人＂法律上不具有唯一性且未反映其身份和职责特点,宜更名为＂专家辅助人＂;对＂专家辅助人＂的条件和资格确认提出主张;探讨＂专家辅助人＂出庭质证规则的四个主要问题;对＂专家辅助人＂在法庭上向鉴定人提问的内容与方式和参加鉴定意见辩论应掌握的要点提出若干规范性建议;对＂专家辅助人＂法庭质证意见的性质与作用发表评论性意见,并认为专家辅助人应依法进行统一管理,建立以司法行政机关管理为主、人民法院管理为辅的两结合管理模式。     

刑事诉讼专家辅助人的倾向性及界限

刑事诉讼专家辅助人的倾向性,指专家辅助人帮助委托方参与刑事诉讼鉴定意见的质证、提出专家意见所体现的一种职业上的偏向。新《刑事诉讼法》及其司法解释并未明确专家辅助人的倾向性,不利于其属性的完整。因此,应当比较外国为平衡专家制度属性所进行的相关制度设计,定位我国刑事诉讼专家辅助人的＂相对二元化倾向性＂及其法律界限、科学界限、道德界限,以及这些界限的制度保障。     

The effects of complainant age and expert psychological testimony in a simulated child sexual abuse trial

Mock jurors viewed a videotape of a simulated child sexual abuse trial and then deliberated to a unanimous verdict. The complainant was described as either a 13- or 17-year-old female child. Jurors voted to convict more often when the younger complainant was seen, and the younger complainant was rated as more credible than the older complainant. Female jurors voted the defendant guilty more often and rated the complainant as being more credible than male jurors. Jurors voted to convict more often and rated the defendant as less credible when expert psychological testimony was specific to the case than when they were presented with either general expert testimony or no expert testimony. Jurors who saw a psychological expert testify became less accepting of child sexual abuse misconceptions than those in the no expert control condition. The implications of these findings are discussed.Millbrook Correctional Centre     

让科学证据走下神坛

科学证据迅速＂蹿红＂,说明了人们对科学有极高期待。但现在人们对科学证据有奉若神明之趋势,这又人为制造了证据理论的另一混乱局面。从历史根源、法律根源、科学根源及社会根源等四个方面剖析人们迷信科学证据的原因,然后讨论科学证据回归理性的途径,让科学证据走下神坛,与其它证据携手共同维护司法的公正。     

Jurors'Evaluations of Expert Testimony: Judging the Messenger and the Message

Jurors are laypersons with no specific expert knowledge, yet they are routinely placed in situations in which they need to critically evaluate complex expert testimony. This paper examines jurors'reactions to experts who testify in civil trials and the factors jurors identify as important to expert credibility. Based on in-depth qualitative analyses of interviews with 55 jurors in 7 civil trials, we develop a comprehensive model of the key factors jurors incorporate into the process of evaluating expert witnesses and their testimony. Contrary to the frequent criticism that jurors primarily evaluate expert evidence in terms of its subjective characteristics, the results of our study indicate that jurors consider both the messenger and the message in the course of evaluating the expert's credibility.     

专家证据的价值与我国司法鉴定制度的修改

随着科学技术的飞速发展，专家证据在诉讼中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在英美法系国家，专家证据制度在专家证人资格规定上的广泛性和选任上的自由性，使其在适用上具有灵活性和实用性的特点，其详细而完备的专家证据可采性规则，更是司法经验的积累与法官智慧的结晶。英美法系国家的专家证据制度和大陆法系的鉴定制度，在近些年的改革中呈现出共同的趋向，如启动程序的多样化、过错责任的严格化和庭审对抗的强化，这为完善我国司法鉴定制度、准确适用新刑诉法中有关专家辅助人的规定以及充分发挥专家证据的作用开启了新的思路。面对我国司法鉴定中依然相当混乱的鉴定主体问题，构建鉴定人、专家顾问和专家辅助人三位一体的司法鉴定主体格局，或许是一条比较合理可行的出路。     

Utilization of complex technologies of molecular genetics for forensic expert identification of unidentified remains of victims of terrorist acts in Moscow in 1999

This paper presents the first experience gained in Russia in expert identification practice with complex utilization of technologies of molecular genetic individualization of biological objects for solving identification tasks requiring the maximum complete armory of mutually supplementing means. This is particularly important for forensic expert personality identification in cases with many deaths, when indirect identification has to be resorted to, consisting in the use of biological samples from relatives of the victims as the identifying objects. Methodological approaches and concepts of expert studies, used for identification of the remains of people who died in terroristic acts committed in Moscow in September, 1999, are discussed. The results of this study and methodological experience notably extend the potentialities of expert evaluation as regards forensic medical identification of victims of overall disasters, terroristic acts, and war conflicts.     

以审判为中心的庭审模式对法医出庭质证的挑战

以审判为中心的庭审模式是当今诉讼改革的主要方向,案件庭审实质化是诉讼改革的主要目标,在此背景下,法医鉴定人出庭质证将会实质化、常态化。为此,最高人民法院等部门出台了保障鉴定人出庭的相关规定、规则。法医鉴定意见质证实质化要求法医鉴定人在出庭时履行相关义务:尊重法庭、如实回答提问、释明鉴定意见。当前法医参加庭审质证中存在法医鉴定人出庭率低、鉴定意见的法律性质不明确、鉴定人出庭的具体要求不明确、与包括专家辅助人在内的其他专家证据形式的冲突等问题。为此,笔者向法医鉴定人提出三点建议:不断学习,提升专业技能;加强修炼,提高法律知识;注重实践,强化表达能力。     

The admissibility and persuasiveness of expert evidence

Parenting plan evaluators are expert witnesses who offer their opinion. Courts in common law jurisdictions generally do not accept evidence of an opinion as it is not considered to be reliable evidence from which to establish a fact. An exception to that general principle is expert opinion evidence. In short, an opinion from a person with specialized knowledge or expertise about the area in which they are an expert may be sufficiently reliable to form an evidentiary basis from which to make a finding of fact, provided the opinion meets certain criteria. These criteria will be discussed in this article, as well as what is relevant, reliable and persuasive evidence. The relevant legal principles will be examined in an historical and contemporary, theoretical and practical context. The authors reflect on their considerable experience as consumers of expert evidence and apply this to parenting plan evaluations, as well as considering future challenges in the field.     

鉴定人出庭与专家辅助人角色定位之实证研究

新刑事诉讼法试图改变鉴定人出庭率低的现状,为此完善了鉴定意见审查规则;相应地,新确立的专家辅助人制度也被寄予厚望。从理论上看,保障被告方的对质权应成为上述改革的主要支点。但实证研究显示,鉴定人出庭率并没有因为新刑事诉讼法的实施而显著改善,鉴定人与法官对于鉴定人出庭都缺乏积极性;专家辅助人在法庭上的角色定位是模糊的,其在鉴定人、证人、辩护律师和其他独立的诉讼参与人等角色之间徘徊。应当围绕保障被告方的对质权来完善必要鉴定人出庭制度,在保留职权化和强调中立性的鉴定制度的同时,赋予专家辅助人意见以证据能力,以构建控辩平等的司法鉴定体系。     

论我国刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的完善

我国新《刑事诉讼法》首次确立了＂有专门知识的人＂的称谓,暂且将其界定为＂专家辅助人＂,但由于规定得过于简略,对许多问题不够明确,在适用中可能带来诸多困难。因此,有必要借鉴意大利的＂技术顾问＂制度和俄罗斯的＂专家＂制度的有益经验,对我国刑事诉讼中专家辅助人制度予以完善。未来的《刑事诉讼法》应明确专家辅助人的诉讼地位和职责,确立其应享有的权利和承担的义务,并且应当明确专家辅助人意见为法定证据,赋予被追诉人和检察机关在审前阶段聘请专家辅助人的权利。     

鉴定意见审查工作的现状与反思——以J市检察机关公诉部门调查情况为样本

在审查起诉阶段,对于鉴定意见的审查,在现实中遭到不同程度的忽略。在现实中存在对鉴定人身份资格的审查不足、对鉴定意见内容的审查不细致、对鉴定意见证明力的采信不合理等诸多问题。公诉部门鉴定意见审查的机制处于一定程度上的失效状态。应当反思其失效的原因。应针对成因从＂硬件＂和＂软件＂两方面着手,解决鉴定意见的审查问题。     

刑事诉讼专家辅助人制度的解读与完善

2012年新修正的《刑事诉讼法》中规定的专家辅助人制度,与两大法系国家的专家证人及技术顾问存在着明显差异,其基本功能在于协助控辩双方质证鉴定意见,因而在庭审中专家辅助人是当事人的助手,表现为诉讼地位的非中立性。为保障专家辅助人制度的贯彻实施,应当通过法律的进一步细化对专家辅助人的出庭申请、决定以及救济等相关程序加以明确和完善。     

Educator of the court: the role of the expert witness in cases involving autism spectrum disorder

The role of the expert witness in legal contexts is to educate fact finders of the court who may have no background in the expert’s area. This role can be especially difficult for those who assist in cases involving individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As expert assistance on ASD is crucial to ensuring just outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ASD, knowledge on how expert witnesses perceive and approach their roles, and what factors may influence these perceptions, is essential. This qualitative research utilizes semi-structured interviews with a sample of expert witnesses in cases involving ASD, analyzed using a grounded-theory constant-comparative analytic approach. Data reveal that experts appear to view their roles in court as reconstructionists, educators, myth-dispellers, and most of all, communicators, actively using their testimony to fill these roles in cases. These results also allow for the development of a model that illustrates two areas that coalesce to affect how experts view their roles in court: (1) personal experiences of experts in cases in which they have been involved; and (2) influences outside experts’ personal experiences, such as their general opinions or observations regarding ASD and its relationship to the criminal justice system.     

The power of presentation: How attire,cosmetics, and posture impact the source credibility of women expert witnesses

Gender stereotypes may negatively affect perceptions of women professionals' credibility, including forensic experts. This study investigated the impact of behavior-based and appearance-based factors on women expert witness's credibility. Jury-eligible adults were shown one of 16 conditions depicting a woman expert which varied based on combinations of three primary independent variables: (1) attire, (2) cosmetic use, and (3) posture. Expert attractiveness and participants' sexist attitudes served as covariates. Results revealed that women experts were seen as marginally more credible when wearing a skirt suit with a closed posture stance than when wearing a pant suit with a closed posture. Secondary analyses indicated expert attractiveness and participant sexist attitudes accounted for the most variability in credibility scores. Credibility of women expert witnesses may be impacted by irrelevant peripheral cues. Findings can inform discussions aimed at mitigating extraneous factors that inadvertently undermine the reception of women expert witness testimony.     

中国刑事专家辅助人向专家证人的角色转变

中国的刑事专家辅助人具有既类似于律师又类似于鉴定人、证人的多重属性;围绕专家辅助人意见的性质,也形成了质证方式说、鉴定意见说、证人证言说等多种观点。角色定位上的混乱,不仅造成了独具特色的鉴定人与专家辅助人的双轨制,而且常常使专家辅助人意见的法庭采信陷入困境。从最高人民法院有关专家辅助人的新近规定看,专家辅助人的角色呈现出向专家证人转变的趋势。这种转变的核心要求,一是实现鉴定人和专家辅助人的诉讼地位平等,专家辅助人意见和鉴定意见在专家证言意义上的证据效力平等;二是使专家辅助人回归专家证人本色,将强加给专家辅助人的不合理的质证职责交还给律师、检察官;三是提高律师、检察官熟练运用交叉询问规则、对科学证据进行质证的能力,充分发挥法官的科学证据“守门人”作用,以适应事实认定科学化的需要。     

关于民事诉讼中司法鉴定的运用

从案件审理者的角度看,司法鉴定是其加以运用从而认定事实的一个手段,但现存的规范多是纯粹程序上的规定,对鉴定具体环节中法官的行为殊有约束,导致了法官在运用司法鉴定中行为的随意,表现为滥用司法鉴定、浪费司法资源、造成瑕疵鉴定结论、对当事人及鉴定人权利保障不充分、鉴定结论审查标准不一等问题,因此有必要从原则上和具体规范上对法官运用司法鉴定的这些诉讼行为引起的问题加以解决,司法鉴定制度也只有关注这些问题才可能更加完善。     

论专家辅助人意见——以刑事辩护为视角的分析

我国2012年新《刑事诉讼法》首次设立了专家辅助人制度，对鉴定意见的质证提供了技术上的支持，对于刑事辩护来说意义重大。从证据法的角度看来，专家辅助人意见具有言词证据、意见证据、弹劾证据的多重属性，因此意见的内容应围绕鉴定意见中的专门性问题，并结合《刑事诉讼法》及相关司法解释对鉴定意见的审查判断规则来提出；而法庭对于鉴定意见的审查也应从准入资格与可靠性两方面进行，以免专家辅助人意见替代鉴定意见来主导审判。     

Argument from Expert Opinion as Legal Evidence: Critical Questions and Admissibility Criteria of Expert Testimony in the American Legal System*

Abstract. While courts depend on expert opinions in reaching sound judgments, the role of the expert witness in legal proceedings is associated with a litany of problems. Perhaps most prevalent is the question of under what circumstances should testimony be admitted as expert opinion. We review the changing policies adopted by American courts in an attempt to ensure the reliability and usefulness of the scientific and technical information admitted as evidence. We argue that these admissibility criteria are best seen in a dialectical context as a set of critical questions of the kind commonly used in models of argumentation.     

司法鉴定行政与司法视角的边界——民诉证据司法解释鉴定内容的思考

2019年12月26日,最高人民法院发布了《关于修改〈关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定〉的决定》,备受司法界关注。其中,涉及司法鉴定的条款达24条之多,笔者结合《司法鉴定程序通则》,对相关内容予以了梳理与比较,揭示了民事证据规定给司法鉴定带来的变化与问题。民事证据规定重点规制了司法鉴定启动、受理、鉴定人出庭接受质询、鉴定人诚信承诺、鉴定人权利保障,鉴定人的出庭义务、遵守鉴定时限的义务,以及围绕鉴定资料的真实性、合法性方面的规定,以期保障鉴定质量。与此同时,民事证据规定也带来了管理上的边界之争的问题,包括司法鉴定行政管理部门与法院之间、法院与司法鉴定机构之间,以及法官与鉴定人之间权利义务的边界之争与之推,司法鉴定呈现多头管理已见端倪。本研究直面司法鉴定发展中的问题,建议尽早启动司法鉴定立法工作,强化鉴定意见的法庭质证,明确虚假鉴定的认定标准,梳理鉴定多头管理乱象等等,希望可以对司法鉴定制度的改革有所裨益。