Punishment Goals of Crime Victims

Research on subjective punishment goals has focused on the perspective of third-party observers of criminal offenses and neglected the perspective of victims. This study investigates punishment goals among 174 adult crime victims (rape and nonsexual assault) for each participant's real criminal case. Scales measuring support for punishment goals are constructed by factor analysis of an 18-item list. Results show that 5 highly supported goals can be distinguished: retaliation, recognition of victim status, confirmation of societal values, victim security, and societal security. Analysis of relations between punishment goal scales and personal variables, situational variables, and demanded punishment severity corroborates the view that the punishment goals revealed can be classified according to the two independent dichotomies of moral versus instrumental goals, and micro versus macro goals.     

轻微涉罪行为处理问题研究——以刑法与治安管理处罚法的竞合为切入点

对轻微行为是否成立犯罪的问题,我国刑法规定情节显著轻微危害不大的行为不构成犯罪。但这是一个相对模糊的规定。由于其他法律通常也对这些轻微违法行为规定了处罚,因此便带来部门法之间竞合的问题,容易导致处罚时适用法律的不一致。对这一问题,立法上的完善固然是一条重要的应对途径,但司法过程中相关配套制度的建立也有助于问题的解决。     

刑法解释的正义性追问

刑法解释作为联结刑事立法和刑法适用的桥梁和纽带,是揭示作为法理念的正义的重要途径。作为法律的评价体系和评价标准,正义内生于法律文本之中,而外现于法律解释之外。刑法解释的正义化要求做到:为符合解释的实质性正义,刑法解释应以理性的、客观的、公正的视角去看待并观照刑法,以达人性化和谦抑性的要求;为符合解释的形式性正义,刑法解释应满足刑法文本字义的最大射程,并在字义不能自足时,以历史和社会的眼光遵从解释的程序性原则规定;为最大化地实现刑法解释实质正义和形式正义的统一,解释者亦应维护刑法的安定与理想,促成刑法正义的实现。     

有组织犯罪的刑事责任与刑罚问题研究

有组织犯罪已成为各国各地区立法、司法部门以及刑法理论界普遍关注的问题。本文主要就有组织犯罪的刑事责任 ,包括犯罪组织内部个人刑事责任的承担及犯罪组织的刑事责任问题进行了讨论 ,并对我国刑法关于有组织犯罪刑罚的规定提出了一些修改完善的建议。     

中日涉罪之轻微行为处理模式比较研究

对轻微或极轻微的行为是否犯罪的问题 ,日本采司法处理模式 ,在刑法中不规定对构成要件行为的程度的限制 ,但在司法中将不值得处罚者不作为犯罪处理。中国采立法处理模式 ,明确在刑法中规定情节显著轻微危害不大的行为不构成犯罪。立法处理模式要求法律具有更高的确定性 ,因此 ,对我国刑法分则中的情节、结果、后果等弹性规定应予必要的修订。     

污染环境罪的未遂

污染环境罪的未遂包括作为结果犯的未遂和作为结果加重犯的未遂。作为结果加重犯的未遂,是指对环境污染本身持故意,对于人身伤亡财产损失的加重结果持过失的污染环境罪未遂。司法实践中存在直接判决污染环境罪未遂的判例,也存在提及是否可以成立污染环境罪未遂的判例,但更多的是对成立污染环境罪未遂未予提及的判例。在刑事立法未及增设污染环境罪具体危险犯的情况下,对污染环境罪未遂的肯定无疑对于司法实践起到了指引作用。但污染环境罪抽象危险犯的功能是污染环境罪未遂所无法替代的。     

The Intensification of Hating: A Theory

Hate, a simple word, is easily understood by young children. But as a concept, hate is vast, complex, and slippery. The study of hate is not limited to one discipline; it is studied throughout the humanities and social sciences. This paper, which presents a psychological theory of hating, argues that hate is an understudied psychological construct and has particular relevance to justice research. Hate can trigger injustice, and injustice has the capacity to trigger derogation, violence, and hate. Relying on four literatures—justice, psychology, psychoanalysis, and criminal justice—we present a theory of hating that describes the formation, perpetuation, and expression of this influential emotional state. The Intensification Theory of Hating describes hate as a dynamic process that moves from antecedents to emotions, cognitions, morals, and behaviors. Hate, we argue, is not only an emotion; it becomes systemic when interactions among its components unfold over time to intensify hate. We conclude by proposing research approaches and questions that could address hate in psychological and justice research. Submitted to David De Cremer and Kees van den Bos, “Justice and feelings: An emotional revolution”. Social Justice Research, December 11, 2006     

司法诚信的制约因素及实现路径——以刑事司法为视角

司法诚信是指司法机关和司法人员通过自身诚信的司法活动达成的司法行为和司法结果为公众认可、相信的状态。司法诚信问题从根本上反映的是司法状况与公众司法需求的差距问题。司法诚信问题的成因既有司法主体、法律制度、司法体制等司法活动各内在影响因素方面的问题,也有社会公众、社会发展变化等各外在影响因素方面的问题。着眼于制约司法诚信实现的各影响因素,分析、梳理我国司法诚信问题的状况、成因,并探索解决对策有利于切实提升我国的司法诚信水平。     

慎用死刊——刑事司法实践中死刑适用问题探讨

慎用死刑是刑事司法中一个十分重要的问题,慎用死刑必须正确掌握死刑的适用条件“罪行极其严重”。如何判断“罪行极其严重”是一个难题,应该加强立法和司法的解释。与此同时,正确地适用“死刑缓期二年执行”是正确适用死刑的又一个重要课题。     

Secondary Victimization of Crime Victims by Criminal Proceedings

It is conceivable that criminal proceedings cause psychological harm to the crime victims involved, that is, cause secondary victimization. To investigate this hypothesis, negative and positive effects of criminal proceedings were investigated, as perceived by 137 victims of violent crimes who were involved in trials several years previously. Trial outcome and procedure variables were measured as potential causes of secondary victimization. Results show a high proportion of victims reporting overall negative effects. Powerful predictors were outcome satisfaction and procedural justice, but not subjective punishment severity, interactional justice, and psychological stress by criminal proceedings. The practical implications of the results pertain to whether victims should be advised to report the crime to the police or not, and to appropriate prevention and intervention measures of secondary victimization by criminal proceedings.     

宽严相济刑事政策应回归为司法政策

宽严相济刑事政策在最初提出时具有明显的司法性特征,但随着实践中从司法理解向立法思路的拓展,该政策完成了向\"基本刑事政策\"的转变。然而,这种扩张解释没有经过系统论证,也不具有全面充分的理由。宽严相济可以在古代的\"宽猛相济\"中追溯渊源,其中的\"宽\"就是以对猛政纠偏的面目出现的。当代宽严相济刑事政策的提出,既是对中国法制传统的弘扬,更是对以前过度强调\"严打\"的纠正。立法的特点及基本品质表明,宽严相济刑事政策不可能直接表现为立法政策;认为该政策涵括了立法政策,会导致以下逻辑困境:无法正确处理和惩办与宽大相结合政策之间的关系;可能导致重复评价或政策的虚无化;立法有自身的品质要求,其缘由是复杂的,并非宽严相济所能涵盖;如果旧的法律规范已经被新法修改,势必不存在所谓\"相济\"问题。宽严相济刑事政策应回归为司法政策。     

平和司法：恢复性司法的本土化——关于平和司法理念与实践的调研报告

平和司法是在学习国外恢复性司法理念、实证分析烟台市检察机关的办案实践、考察外地检察机关的先进经验的基础上提出的全新命题,是恢复性司法本土化的一个尝试。平和司法可分为司法心态(基础要素)、司法模式(手段要素)、司法境界(目的要素)三个层面,与恢复性司法最大的不同就在于它的层次性和层次之间的互动性。平和司法在执法理念上与传统的司法理念有很大的转变,与宽严相济的刑事政策相适应,符合社会主义法治理念的本质要求。实践平和司法将对维护社会和谐稳定、预防犯罪、节约司法资源、维护被害人和犯罪人合法权益具有积极意义。     

论一般没收财产刑应予废止

由没收财产刑的体系地位与适用对象可以看出 ,没收财产刑是我国刑罚体系中最重的附加刑。但如果从罪刑法定原则的要求来看 ,没收财产刑如果作为一种剥夺部分财产的刑罚 ,在已经有罚金刑规定的情况 ,没有存在的必要 ;作为对危害国家安全罪和其他严重犯罪适用的判处没收财产 ,难于看出其特殊的性质 ;作为判处死刑、无期徒刑的附加刑 ,违反刑法的基本目的 ,其存在具有一定的超刑事责任范围的任意处置的违反罪刑法定原则基本精神的倾向。因此 ,笔者认为 ,一般的没收财产刑应予废止。     

Accomplishing Difference: How Do Anti-race/Ethnicity Bias Homicides Compare to Average Homicides in the United States?

Research on the nature of bias homicide has experienced increased interest in the academic literature. To date, few studies have compared the similarities and differences between anti-race/ethnicity bias homicides and average American homicides. Consequently, we know little about how the offender, victim, and situational characteristics compare across these two homicide types. Drawing from doing difference theory of bias crime, the aim of this study is to comparatively analyze the attributes of anti-race/ethnicity homicides to average homicides between 1990 and 2014. Anti-race/ethnicity homicide data is extracted from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database and paired with average homicides from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2000 Supplementary Homicide Reports. The results of this study suggest that the characteristics of anti-race/ethnicity homicides are both similar and different from average homicides. Implications for bias crime theory, research, and policy are discussed.     

犯罪客体构成性地位辨析——兼述犯罪故意的定义

犯罪客体的构成性地位决定着犯罪构成的体系编排。犯罪客体具有超规范性、价值性,即使诉讼中无独立证据,但由于它可以校正犯罪的边界,对于犯罪成立仍是不可或缺的。事实与价值是分立的,犯罪成立的要件也应是双层体系,即第一层是犯罪主体、犯罪主观方面、犯罪客观方面,第二层为犯罪客体。犯罪客体不是故意的认识内容,犯罪故意的通说定义以结果为本位、以知—意为内容,缺陷明显,应当表述为:行为人明知构成事实而任容该事实的发生或自觉实行构成行为的心理态度。