环境侵权民事责任因果关系新探

由于环境侵权行为的特殊性,要证明环境侵权行为与损害后果之间的因果关系显得异常困难。为了适应环境侵权损害赔偿的需要,产生了推定因果关系存在的多种学说。我国环境侵权民事责任因果关系制度的滞后性阻碍着环境侵权民事责任功能的实现,因此,必须加强立法,借鉴国外因果关系推定的理论学说,完善我国环境侵权民事责任因果关系制度。     

我国污染型环境犯罪因果关系证明方法之综合运用

污染型环境犯罪因果关系事实的证明较为困难,需要结合具体情况综合地运用不同的证明方法。传统的逻辑推理方法和经验法则在污染型环境犯罪因果关系基础事实的证明中是基础性的证明方法。有些污染型环境犯罪因果关系事实的证明则还需要适当运用推定方法,如疫学证明法和间接反证法。     

试析以疫学方法认定食品卫生犯罪因果关系

以科学法则为依据的传统因果关系理论难以胜任食品卫生犯罪因果关系的认定,有必要借鉴疫学因果关系理论分析食品卫生犯罪因果关系。疫学因果关系是以统计学为基础,对因果关系存在的高度盖然性的推定,是对传统因果关系理论的修正适用。与疫学因果关系相适应的因果关系证明方法是因果关系推定原则和举证责任倒置原则。     

环境侵权因果关系举证责任分配研究——兼论《侵权责任法》第66条的理解与适用

基于保护污染受害者的政策选择,各国立法对环境侵权因果关系举证责任的分配采取了一些特殊的方法,主要包括举证责任倒置与因果关系推定。举证责任倒置将因果关系的举证责任强制性地分配给排污者承担,污染受害者对因果关系不再承担举证责任。因果关系推定对举证责任的影响要根据证明对象是基础事实还是推定事实,以及因果关系推定是否由法律明确规定等因素,进行综合认定。因果关系推定与举证责任倒置属于不同类型的法律规范,两者在法律效力上存在差异。我国《侵权责任法》第66条的规定是举证责任倒置而非因果关系推定,这种规定更大程度地降低了污染受害者的证明负担,更有利于污染受害者保护政策目标的实现。     

中日环境犯罪问题比较

环境犯罪是当今世界各国普遍关注的一种犯罪类型,日本在这方面的立法较为先进.通过比较中日环境犯罪的立法,可以为我国的立法完善带来启示.为了有效地预防、惩治环境犯罪,我国有必要对环境犯罪的保护法益明确化,并且应在环境污染犯罪中规定过失危险犯,采用法律推定证明环境犯罪的因果关系.     

环境侵权诉讼中因果关系推定的适用

环境侵权诉讼案件中,因果关系十分复杂,受害人要证明存在因果关系十分困难,因此,因果关系推定作为一种证明方法,可以减轻受害人的提出证据责任,帮助受害人实现其证明因果关系存在,得到各国推崇。各国都围绕因果关系推定提出了各种学说,包括疫学因果关系说、间接反证、表见证据说、概率因果关系说、设施责任说和违反注意义务说。本文重点介绍了各国学说,并分析了在环境侵权具体诉讼中应当如何适用因果关系推定规则。     

环境侵权证明责任倒置合理性论证

为减轻环境侵权诉讼中原告证明损害和被告加害行为之间存在因果关系的困难,发达国家发展出了多种形态的因果关系推定学说、判例和立法。中国现行法确立的因果关系举证责任倒置规则,对环境侵权诉讼原告的举证困难减轻得更多。从促进信息供给、保护受害者、预防污染和惩戒污染、实质正义、利益平衡、立法难易度、司法可预测性、制度变迁成本等七个方面来看,在环境侵权诉讼中实行因果关系证明责任倒置较因果关系推定为优,因此我国环境侵权立法中应继续实行因果关系证明责任倒置原则,没有必要退回到适用因果关系推定。     

试析审判实务中环境侵权因果关系的认定——兼论因果关系推定与因果关系举证责任倒置的关系

因果关系推定和因果关系举证责任倒置分属于证明方法规范和证明责任规范,两者的适用在逻辑上分处于不同阶段,不可一概而论.它们之间的关系可以概括为因果关系推定的适用避免了举证责任的承担(无论举证责任是正置或倒置).关于环境侵权的因果关系认定,在审判实务中,虽然我国立法没有明确法律上的因果关系推定原则,但人民法院已肯定了对该原则的适用;且环境侵权因果关系举证责任并非倒置、由加害人一人承担,而是由受害人与加害人共同承担.     

污染环境犯罪因果关系证明实证分析

以污染环境犯罪一审判决书为样本,对该犯罪因果关系证明进行实证分析发现,这种证明往往依赖于环保行政机构的监测报告和数据以及行政鉴定机构的鉴定等证据材料。法官往往通过将污染环境的排放、倾倒、处置等污染原因行为与最新司法解释规定的污染损害后果相结合,进而对污染物质运作的因果关系进行判定和确认。实证研究发现的具体难题主要表现为:污染环境犯罪因果关系证明的证据空缺;证明责任的分配不合理与推定制度不完善;证明方法单一;环保监测数据、行政鉴定意见和专家辅助人在刑事诉讼中的应用不合理,以及法官的专业司法应对能力不足等。产生上述问题的原因主要是:污染环境犯罪因果关系的证明和认定错综复杂,相关刑事法规范中涉及因果关系证明及其认定的规则阙如,刑事司法具体应对措施缺少等。证明难题的应对方案包括:合理使用行政执法证据资源,通过对污染环境因果关系链条运行的对照分析来完善证据收集制度,改进和完善相关鉴定证据及环保监测报告在刑事诉讼中的使用,强调对逻辑推理、经验法则以及心证等证明方法的综合应用。     

论环境污染侵权诉讼中因果关系的证明标准——德国环境责任法给我们的启迪

在环境污染侵权诉讼中,污染行为与损害结果之间的因果关系具有相当的复杂性,合理确定因果关系证明标准具有重要的意义。德国环境责任法确定的环境责任因果关系的证明标准为事实推定和疫学因果关系标准。这一认定标准,既有利于受害人,又比较科学,便于法官把握。在我国环境污染侵权诉讼中确立这一标准,将有利于原告的举证,对于受环境损害方及时有效获得救济、惩罚环境不法行为,将具有重要意义。     

Crime Scene Behaviors and Characteristics of Offenders with Mental Illness: A Latent Class Analysis

The current study aimed to identify distinct types of crime scene behaviors based on the criminal planning and motivation of offenders with mental illness in South Korea. Furthermore, our study examined the relationships between the identified types of crime scene behaviors in terms of the offenders’ sociodemographic characteristics, modus operandi, and types of mental illness. Utilizing latent class analysis, the associations between crime scene behavior types and offender characteristics such as demographic factors, crime scene actions, and criminal information were empirically investigated. In particular, based on a sample obtained from a national police database of offenses committed between 2006 and 2014, four offense groups were identified: (i) instrumental–planned, (ii) instrumental–unplanned, (iii) expressive–unplanned, and (iv) hybrid. Additionally, significant relationships were found between offense styles and offender characteristics as well as criminal backgrounds. The findings suggest that mental disorders influence the types of actions exhibited by offenders during the commission of their crime. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical utility to criminal investigation.     

Outsiders’ Responsibility to Answer for Crime

R. A. Duff has revived the tradition of “answerability” for crime. In this philosophical and jurisprudential tradition, a person is answerable to the criminal law of a state and the process of that state’s courts only if there is some appropriate relationship between the state and the person. Duff’s great contribution has been to develop the idea of accountability of persons to a state or other polity as a philosophical notion which, he argues, underlies all just implementations of criminal law. Duff has centered his views around the relationship between the citizen and the polity (in today’s world, the state) to which the citizen belongs. His focus has been on insiders, rather than outsiders. This article argues that, in the current world, the relationship among cocitizens, outsiders, and the state is based in part on the moral idea that the state exists to protect citizens from evil acts, specifically those that we call public and criminal wrongs, wherever the acts originate. Outsiders understand this, and understand that states other than their own use criminal law to protect their citizens. Duff’s writings contain an idea which turns out to be very useful in cases of outside acts, even though he does not apply it directly to them. Some states or other entities may have only an incomplete relationship with an accused person (compared with the relationship of citizen and state), but nonetheless may have the moral and political authority to try her for crime. This paper extends this notion to show that such incomplete relationships exist in a great many common cases of outsiders (noncitizens who act outside the territory of a state) who commit crime. These relationships support criminal prosecution of outsiders, so long as we admit that protection of persons from crime is a legitimate goal of the criminal law.     

自我决定权与刑法家长主义

作为公民的基本人权,自我决定权的解释力辐射到被害人同意、被害人自陷风险、诈骗罪中的被害人怀疑与错误、自诉以及刑事和解等诸多刑事法领域。家长主义是自我决定权在刑法上的对立者与保护神。现代语境下,自我决定权与刑法家长主义的关系呈现出既有正向排斥又有逆向制约、既要积极保障又要拒绝溺爱性保护的复调结构。这种二元互动的理论框架,能够向下在微观层面为具体的被害人教义学问题提供思想支撑;在更抽象的层面上,则取决于解释者的价值立场在自由主义与保守主义之间的倾向。     

Genetic and Environmental Overlap between Low Self-Control and Delinquency

Low self-control has emerged as a consistent and strong predictor of antisocial and delinquent behaviors. Using the twin subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), genetic analyses were conducted to examine the genetic and environmental contributions to low self-control and offending as well as to their relationship with one another. The results revealed that low self-control and criminal behaviors are influenced by genetic and nonshared environmental factors with the effects of shared environmental factors being negligible. In addition, the co-variation between low self-control and criminal behaviors appears to be largely due to common genetic and nonshared environmental factors operating on both phenotypes. The implications of these findings on the current understanding of Gottfredson and Hirschi??s general theory of crime are discussed.     

论我国未成年人前科消灭制度的构建

未成年人是一个特殊的群体，对未成年人的保护一直为社会所广泛关注。我国《刑法》关于前科报告制度的规定毫无例外地适用于未成年人，对于那些刚刚步入社会的年轻人来说，如果因曾经的犯罪行为而背负一生难以摆脱的“罪犯”标签，其负面影响之深远不容忽视。《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》关于未成年人免除前科报告义务的规定为未成年人前科消灭制度的构建打开了一个缺口，引发我们关于建立未成年人前科消灭制度的深入思考。     

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪关系辨析——以基础概念解析为进路

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪之间虽然在起源上具有不可磨灭的历史渊源,但它们在内容上并不具有同一或者包容关系,而是一种即相互交叉又彼此保持一定独立性的关系。只有当涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪具有"国际性"时,即它们的危害性达到国际刑法所要求的严重程度时,才能上升为国际犯罪。而在国际犯罪中,除了具有国际性的涉外犯罪和跨国犯罪外,还包括具有国际性的既不属于涉外犯罪又不属于跨国犯罪的单纯的国内犯罪。     

略论《刑事诉讼法》的再修改

再次修改《刑事诉讼法》既是总结司法实践经验、实现我国刑事诉讼制度协调发展的需要,也是加强人权的程序保障、促进我国刑事诉讼制度民主化、国际化和法治化的需要;在修改过程中,应当正确处理好《宪法》与《刑事诉讼法》、惩罚犯罪与保护人权、司法公正与司法效率、借鉴国外先进经验与结合我国国情之间的关系;修改的基本内容应当包括加强对追诉权力的控制、辩护权利的保护、保障公正审判的权利以及健全程序侵权的救济机制四个方面。     

Perception vs. Reality: The Relationship Between Organized Crime and Human Trafficking in Metropolitan Atlanta

Since the enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, there has been an increase in both media and scholarly discussions of human trafficking. Although most of these discussions have framed human trafficking as a crime committed primarily by organized crime groups, there has been very little empirical research examining the link between human trafficking and organized crime. In an effort to start to address this gap in the research, we conduct an exploratory study to determine if there is a link between human trafficking and organized crime in one of the Southeast’s human trafficking hubs – Atlanta, Georgia. We collected data on 24 federal human trafficking cases that were indicted in metropolitan Atlanta between 2000 and 2013. Then, we conducted a content analysis of the court documents for each federal human trafficking case and classified the relationship between organized crime and human trafficking using one of three categories: nonexistent, organized criminal network, organized criminal syndicate. For the majority of the human trafficking cases (n = 16), we found that there was no relationship between organized crime and human trafficking. For the cases that did show a relationship between organized crime and human trafficking, we found evidence of organized criminal networks in eight of the cases and evidence of an organized criminal syndicate in only one case.     

论盗窃虚拟财产的定性

以非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪定性盗窃虚拟财产的行为虽然符合罪刑法定原则的要求,但该罪名不能反映犯罪目的,盗窃虚拟财产的行为也没有扰乱公共秩序,虚拟财产具有价值,也可脱离受害者的控制,并能被盗窃者实际控制,符合盗窃罪的要求,盗窃者如果具有永久性剥夺受害人虚拟财产的犯罪意图的,应该以盗窃罪追究其刑事责任,域外的实践也将盗窃虚拟财产的行为定性为盗窃罪.盗窃虚拟财产的行为也可能构成盗窃罪、侵犯通信自由罪、非法获取计算机信息系统数据罪与破坏计算机信息系统罪,属想象竞合犯.