试论契约自由及其在我国合同法中的地位

毫无疑问,罗马法应该被视为研究契约自由的起点.正是在罗马法中,契约制度首次得到了全面规定并达到了相当的高度.而且,正是罗马法孕育了契约自由的观念和思想.契约自由从思想到原则的转变是在法国民法典中实现的,而人类进入20世纪之后,契约自由逐步受到限制.在我国合同法中,契约自由也得到了确立,它不仅是我国合同法的一项基本原则,而且也是我国合同法的最高原则.     

The limits of contract law harmonization

Contract law harmonization in the European Union has met with some significant but limited success. This Essay explores some of the psychological and political forces that can complicate or even hinder law reform efforts. Even when there is a general institutional drive for law reform, as there is in the EU, scarce reform resources force attention to be focused on salient issues, while a status quo bias in individual member states by government officials can provide a braking inertia regarding nonsalient legal reforms. This braking influence can be seized upon and enhanced by interest groups that oppose reforms, especially where there is an alternative to proposed law reforms for private entities. In the case of contract law harmonization, contract doctrine that is not focused on providing consumer protections remain nonsalient, commercial entities can solve the confusion of diverse laws by choosing their own, and interest groups in nations whose laws and dispute resolution forums are commonly chosen will oppose harmonization. Thus, the current state of affairs may prove relatively difficult to alter.     

Embryonal genetic diagnosis and reproductive freedom in assisted procreation]

This article analyses the repercussions that the Preimplantational Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) has in the bioethical as well as legal fields in relation with the so-called "reproductive freedom" of the couple. Besides analysing the legal situation of this technique in Spain as well as other surrounding States, the article studies the problems associated with some scenarios of PGD, such as the use in the selection of sex, for therapeutic purposes for third parties, in relation with diseases of a possible late onset, multifactorial or of a variable phenotype expression and for the selection of embryos affected by a disease or disability. All are based on real clinical cases.     

遏制行政自由裁量权滥用的对策探讨

依法行政是法治国家的重要标志,建设法治国家,实现依法行政,就必须对行政自由裁量权进行合理地控制,从完善行政立法、加强行政执法队伍建设、培养和提高民众的法治意识、加强行政监督、分离行政权与经济权等方面,遏制行政权力的异化和行政行为人的腐败,从而维护相对人的合法权益。     

论我国外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性--兼论合同审批制度与合同自由原则的冲突

我国外商投资企业法规定,申请设立中外合资经营企业或中外合作经营企业必须提交中外合资 经营企业合同或中外合作经营企业合同,由审批机关进行审批。从实证的角度出发,分别从该制 度的成因及其实施二十余年的绩效以及对其他国家的相关制度的考察等角度分析论证我们现行 外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性,并根据合同自由原则的基本原理,提出尽快修改该制度 的立法建议。