人权普遍性的仁学基础:从《世界人权宣言》第一条出发

《世界人权宣言》中第一条关于"良心"的表述,其哲学根基并非是欧洲传统中的良心哲学,而是中国儒家传统中"仁"的观念。"仁"可以理解为熟人伦理和主体间的移情,将"仁"视为人性基础,弥补了理性在人权普遍性论证上的不足。以"仁"为基础的人权具有了内在超越的道德维度,赋予其造就更好的人性的职责。这将为克服人权自身内部的矛盾,实现从"个人人权"走向"全人类解放"提供可能。     

论欧洲人权机构对人身自由与安全权的保护

人身自由与安全权是一项重要的基本人权,同时也是实现其他权利的基础.作为<世界人权宣言>发表后诞生的第一个区域性人权保护组织,欧洲人权机构通过其丰富的判例对"人身自由"与"人身安全"内涵作出界定,确立了人身自由与安全权保护的一系列标准,并注重对被依法剥夺人身自由者所享有的权利的保护,但是,欧洲人权机构在保护人身自由与安全权方面存在人权委员会与人权法院对个案的决定相互矛盾的问题,欧洲人权法院对个别案件作出的判决也存在对公约的规定适用不当和对该项权利保护乏力的问题.     

论西方契约论的两个传统:自利与非自利

西方契约论大体有两个传统:一是从霍布斯到洛克再到哥梯尔发展形成的自利契约论。这一理论认为,道德判断的依据是基于谈判各方立足自身利益经谈判所制定的契约或达成的共识,自利理性是唯一的理性原则。二是从卢梭到康德再到罗尔斯、斯坎伦发展形成的非自利契约论。这一理论认为,道德原则是由平等自由的个体基于某种共同的意志或理想达成的共识所决定,自利理性并非唯一的理性原则。应该说,这两种传统都试图证明或预设某种终极的价值,但每一种价值本身却又无法解释所有的道德问题。因而,二者都无法回答规范伦理学中"什么使一个行动成为道德的行动"的问题,而斯坎伦所指出的"他人无法合理的反驳"则为我们指出了未来道德共识的可能路向。     

论康德道德神学对心灵秩序的自由根基重置

探讨伦理道德与宗教信仰的关系以确证道德发展秩序的根基是道德哲学的一个重要论域,康德以此建构其道德神学;基于对启蒙的内在困境与现代伦理悖谬的深刻领悟,康德试图通过道德理性自身的启蒙以及宗教的启蒙确证现代理性道德信念,使自主性自由的理念成为道德神学最强有力的建构性原理,不仅将上帝存有的道德证明的实在性意义限制于主体性确证的实践理性自由领域从而超越了自然实在论,而且促进了宗教信仰的世俗化进程,即实现了向"信仰性道德"这一现代信仰形式的根本性转变。然而,无论是基于意志自律的信仰性道德还是纯然理性限度内的宗教,都招致了诸多质疑与误解,最终把心灵秩序或弃恶向善这一心灵改变的根基问题呈现出来;对于心灵秩序的根基究竟应该是恩典自由还是理性自主自由的辨正,则涉及人文道德与宗教信仰关联的复杂性、康德自由理论对于"自我本性"与"主体性自由"的确然区分、现代人文主体的人性自救与上帝恩典之间存在着的矛盾张力等问题的认识。     

论尼采的主人-奴隶道德说及其对我国公民道德建设的启示

尼采在对传统道德进行猛烈批判时,创造性地提出了"主人-奴隶道德说"。对于主人道德和奴隶道德的区分,也几乎是凝聚了尼采的学术精华。本文将从自我价值、人生态度、与人关系和未来层面四个角度细述这两种道德及其区分,并在尼采批判的过程中取其精粹,从中提炼出一些对我国公民道德建设有益的启示之道。     

梭罗的个人主义理想与个人的道德良心

19世纪美国超验主义思想家H.D.梭罗的个人主义深受美国传统渊源的影响,同时也颇具个性,主要体现在他对"个人道德良心"的呼唤.他把个人良心看作比法律更高的一种道德原则.他主张:个人利益高于机构利益.任何机构化了的组织不能将自己的意志强加于人,而应当尊重每一个人的权利,使人人有机会按自己的良心行事,实现自己的生活目标.梭罗的<论公民不服从>和<瓦尔登湖>这两部作品集中表达了他的个人主义的观点,梭罗正是从个人道德良心的角度来阐释其个人主义主张的.他的个人主义理想影响了美国民族文化的建构,并已成为整个美国文化的一个重要组成部分.     

知识产权与人权的关联辨析——对"知识产权属于基本人权"观点的质疑

本文对"知识产权是基本人权"的观点提出质疑,分析讨论国际人权文书与知识产权有关的规定和有关国家宪法文本中关于人权与知识产权的表述.本文研究其中所规定的知识产权的权利性质,认定《世界人权宣言》第27条和1966年《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第15条所规定的权利在性质上是(作为文化权利的)对知识财产的人权,它不同于作为财产权的知识产权.     

利益与道德:人权本质的二元统一——论李步云先生的人权本质观

以"利益"与"道德"为内核的二元统一人权本质观是李步云先生在人权本质问题上的基本立场与态度。该本质观认为,离开利益讲人权是没有意义的,也不可能正确理解人权问题上存在的种种矛盾与冲突的实质,同时指出支持和认可人权的伦理道德观念的核心是人道主义。利益和道德作为人权本质的两个重要方面,二者辩证统一、互为支撑、不可分割。二元统一人权本质观是对权利本质观范畴的拓展,不仅是对人权理论基本范畴的完善与发展,更有利于深化人们对人权问题的理解。     

非传统的人权历史叙事方式及其法治意义

传统的人权历史叙事方式认为人权渊源于西方悠久的以斯多葛学派和基督教为代表的普世主义,以及启蒙运动以降所形成的权利思想史,其展现了人权的历史悠久性、内容的层次性和进步性。而以塞缪尔·莫恩为代表的学者反驳了这种人权历史叙事方式,提出了非传统的人权历史叙事方式,认为作为全球道德诉求与乌托邦愿景的人权实际出现于20世纪70年代中期,呈现了全球层面人权起源之晚近性、成因复杂性和乌托邦属性。这两种人权的历史叙事方式有一定暗合之处。尽管非传统的人权历史叙事方式有一定局限性,但其具有重要的法治意义：呈现了法治的普遍性认同之内在价值逻辑,为思考全球法治难题提供了价值论意义上的理论视角,为重思人权与主权的关系提供了新思路。不过,这种法治意义受限于非传统的人权历史叙事方式在人权的道德性与政治性之间的逻辑张力。     

彼得拉任斯基心理法学说述评

里昂·彼得拉任斯基(Lew J.Petrazycki,1867-1931),法学理论家、心理学家和社会学家,出生于威特伯斯克(Vitebsk)地区的波兰贵族家庭.他先后在圣彼得堡、海德堡、柏林、巴黎和伦敦的大学研习法律,并获得基辅大学罗马法硕士学位和圣彼得堡大学法学博士学位.他是一位高产的学者.在圣彼得堡的20年间(1897-1917),他出版了数本著作,内容涉及政治经济学、国际私法、民法、心理学以及道德、法律和国家之间关系.其中,<法和道德研究导言>(1905)和<与道德理论相关的法和国家的理论>(1907),被波士顿大学的巴波教授州(Hugh W.Bobb)节选组合成<法与道德>(英文版)出版.而离开圣彼得堡以后,特别是在波兰任教期间,他也极富研究成果,但是很少有出版的,大多观点只能够从他学生的笔记中找到.     

论《世界人权宣言》的思想基础和权利体系

《世界人权宣言》以自由和平等为其思想基础,构建了世界各国和人民努力实现的共同标准。它所设定的权利体系不仅包括公民权利和政治权利,而且还涉及到经济、社会和文化权利,为国际社会提供了一份详尽的人权保护清单,成为国际人权法的基本法律文书。     

Protecting mental health clients' dignity — The importance of legal control

Protecting human beings' dignity is a fundamental value underlying the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as several recommendations and conventions derived from this, among them the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), a declaration that also takes precedence over Norwegian legislation. Still, clients' stories inform us that their dignity is not always protected in the mental health service systems.The aim of the study has been to investigate violations of dignity considered from the clients' points of view, and to suggest actions that may ensure that practice is brought in line with human rights values.The method used has been a qualitative content analysis of 335 client narratives.The conclusion is that mental health clients experience infringements that cannot be explained without reference to their status as clients in a system which, based on judgments from medical experts, has a legitimate right to ignore clients' voices as well as their fundamental human rights. The main focus of this discussion is the role of the ECHR and the European Court of Human Rights as instruments for protecting mental health clients' human rights. To bring about changes, recommendations and practices should be harmonized with the new UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). Under this convention, the European Court of Human Rights has support for the application of the ECHR without exemptions for special groups of people.     

Repositioning the international human rights protection system: the UN Human Rights Council

The creation of a UN human rights mechanism was meant to address systematically the international protection and promotion of human rights within the context of international relations. Over the years, the Human Rights Commission has dealt with human rights issues in ways which some commentators have labelled unsatisfactory. The United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, set up by Kofi Anna to conduct an in‐depth study on global threats, and provide an analysis of future challenges to peace and security, recommended a review of HR mechanisms. This led to the establishment of the Human Rights Council, replacing the Human Rights Commission. One of the mechanisms introduced was the Universal Periodic Review of Human Rights. This article looks at how the UPR process has progressed so far and makes some assessment as to where it is heading.     

小议知识产权的私权和人权属性

现代知识产权制度主要构建在对财产权或私权认识的基础上,而《世界人权宣言》赋予了知识产权人权意义。正确认识知识产权私权和人权属性,有助于在兼顾个人利益和社会公共利益的基础上,重建或优化全球知识产权制度,并防止知识产权人滥用知识产权垄断市场的行为。     

The Meaning of 'Natural Person' and the Impact of the Constitution for Europe on the Development of European Private Law

Abstract:  European codes of private law have traditionally commenced with a concept of the person. In the development of private law in the European Union, we require a modern concept of the person, one which goes beyond the idea of the bearer of economic rights, to one which embraces ideas of human rights and social solidarity, as found in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Nice Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.     

亚洲建立区域人权机制的路径与选择

亚洲区域人权机制建设是当代国际人权法中最受关注的主题之一。亚洲建立区域人权机制是施行《世界人权宣言》和维护本区域人权的有效途径,亚洲现有人权机制具有局限性,应在亚洲未来人权机制建设模式选择的基础上,结合欧洲、非洲和美洲区域人权机制的经验和缺陷,创建和完善亚洲区域人权机制的路径和方法。     

Human Rights, Refugees, and The Right 'To Enjoy' Asylum

Increasingly hard-line and restrictive asylum policies and practicesof many governments call into question the scope of protectionsoffered by the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.Has the focus on the 1951 Convention been to the detriment andsubordination of other rights and standards of treatment owedto refugees and asylum-seekers under international human rightslaw? Which standard applies in the event that there is a clashor inconsistency between the two bodies of law? In analysingthe interface between international refugee law and internationalhuman rights law, this article looks at the right to familylife and the right to work. Through this examination, contentand meaning is offered to the almost forgotten component ofthe right ‘to enjoy’ asylum in Article 14(1) ofthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948.     

Parent power: building bridges in Northern Ireland?

‘Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children’ (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26(3))     

An Equality and Human Rights Commission Worthy of the Name

The Human Rights Act 1998 came fully into force on 2 October 2000, enabling the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to be relied on directly in our domestic courts.¹ The Act lacked provision for a Human Rights Commission to advise and assist alleged victims in bringing proceedings for breaches of Convention rights, to research, intervene in court proceedings, and promote a culture of human rights, although such a Commission had been created for Northern Ireland. A White Paper has now been issued outlining plans for a Commission for Equality and Human Rights. This paper considers the future role and potential impact of the Commission and highlights opportunities that have been missed since October 2000 in its absence. We focus on its human rights aspects and summarize key conditions for the new Commission's success.