我国农村土地承包经营权流转分成地租研究

从制度经济学视角出发,结合新中国农村土地制度变迁的历史,考察和分析中国现行农村土地承包经营权流转制度和模式,并结合佃农理论中分成地租模型的优化应用,我国发展农村土地承包经营权流转分成地租模式可进一步改进、优化和完善。     

关于湖南农村土地流转几种模式的探讨

推行农村土地流转是马克思主义土地理论在当代中国的最新实践，是马克思主义中国化的最新成果，是新世纪新阶段搞好农村经济的科学方式。为进一步健全农村土地承包经营权流转市场，加强农村土地承包经营权流转管理，不断创新农业生产经营方式，提升农业适度规模经营水平，需要对湖南农村土地流转模式进行探讨。     

河北省农村土地承包经营权流转问题及立法建议

以2010年河北省八个市，十个县调查数据为依据，从法律制度入手，提出河北省农村土地承包经营权流转存在的现实问题和法律问题以及完善我国现行的农村土地承包经营权流转制度的立法建议。     

怎样才能真正建立我国农村土地流转制度

一、建立农村土地流转制度应当从制度基础改革入手在现行的农村土地承包经营权法律制度基础上,不可能创新一项真正的农村土地流转法律制度。道理很简单,我国现行的农村土地承包法律制度,完全以     

试论农地承包经营权转包的法律本质及其法律规制

农村土地承包经营权转包的法律本质是同一农民集体组织内部成员所享有的农村土地承包经营权的变更,亦即转包双方在保有抽象和名义上的农村土地承包经营权的前提下,将权利所涵涉的标的农地及对农地实际上的控制权能全部或部分的实现移转,因而涉及到转包双方分别与集体组织之间特殊的权利关系和基础性规则;基于理论和实践需要分别对农村土地承包经营权转包的终止、再流转和补偿等问题设计了具体的规制规则.     

土地流转中的法律保障机制——基于法律规范之外的实证考察

探讨农村土地流转以及农村土地承包经营权的"物权化"所涉及的最本质的内容是界定承包方对农地的"处分权"。解读我国现有法律对这种"处分权"的限制有利于深层次了解土地流转制度之外所涉及到的社会问题。其实,单纯从民法理论谈及土地流转问题本身并不能解决现实中的难点,而在土地流转中,对于农地的保护、农民生产资料的保护特别是农民长远福利的保障才应当是现在研究土地流转问题的着眼点,并在此基础上规范政府在土地流转过程中的角色和监管事项。     

农村土地承包经营权流转的物权思考

在我国农村实行土地承包经营权这一制度繁荣了农村经济的同时,也存在着不足和局限。物权法的实施,明确了农村土地承包经营的用益物权性质,对土地承包经营权的良好流转产生了重大的现实意义。     

农地承包经营权流转的若干问题

我国农村土地承包经营权的流转始自上个世纪80年代初,至今虽已有20多年,但在很长一段时期内是个别农户之间自发的转包、出租流转占主导地位,流转的规模不大且相对稳定,一般占家庭承包耕地面积的4.5%左右.近年来,尤其是十七届三中全会之后,在各级政府的大力推动下,农村土地承包经营权流转明显提速,土地向种养殖能手、龙头公司等规模化集中.     

当前农村土地流转的困境及对策探析

中国作为一个人地矛盾尖锐的农业大国,农村土地问题是现代化进程中关乎经济发展与社会稳定的全局性问题。土地流转是农村经济发展、农业劳动力转移和农业现代化的必然要求和结果。应进一步完善相关法律,在稳定农村土地承包经营权的基础上,积极稳妥地推进农村土地流转,切实保障农民合法的土地权益。     

农村土地流转亟待制度创新

以家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制是我国农村的基本经营制度．多年来家庭经营的优越性发挥很充分．制度绩效明显．与此同时．农村土地小而散的经营方式的局限性也日益显现．这在一定程度上会影响了现代农业的发展步伐。完善农村土地承包经营权流转制度．鼓励农民流转土地承包经营权．对于实现土地规模经营，发展现代农业。具有重要的意义。     

Perceptions of Discretion in Street-Level Public Service: Examining Administrative Governance in Romania

ABSTRACT

Street-level bureaucrats have long been seen as key figures in program and policy implementation, often occupying unique positions that encompass executive, legislative, and judicial functions. Osborne’s concept of the New Public Governance addresses concepts of policy implementation and interpretive activities that characterize street-level bureaucracy. Current understanding of street-level bureaucracy is, however, dominated by research focused on the United States and the United Kingdom, both of which demonstrate differences from countries in Eastern Europe. This study uses survey data to examine street-level bureaucracy in Romania, with attention to the determinants of bureaucratic perceptions of discretion. Results indicate that proactive personality, prosocial motivation, autonomy, job satisfaction, and years of experience are related to individual perceptions of discretionary latitude among front-line workers.     

新型农村社会养老保险政策评估——基于土地流转制度背景下的研究

面对人口老龄化加剧、劳动力乡城流动、土地流转加速、土地养老功能弱化、农村养老需求增长的严峻局势和新农保试点扩面迅速推进的整体性战略规划,以公共政策评估和政策外部性理论为基础,从政策执行主体、政策服务对象的双重视角评估土地流转制度背景下新型农村社会养老保险政策执行状况和实施效果,通过对东、中、西部新农保试点地区的实态调查,分别获取基层政府工作人员、新农保经办机构人员、农村常住居民三类群体共2779份有效问卷,综合运用描述性统计和通径分析方法,进一步探寻改善政策效果的有效路径。研究结果表明:政府一定程度存在职能缺位、越位,立法、财政、监管责任缺失等问题,而广大农民未能将土地流转潜在养老保障功能与新农保统筹考量,使政策难以达到预期目标,可通过发挥政府主导作用、增强农民土地流转意识、提升经办机构服务能力、有效整合养老政策等具体对策,进一步促进土地流转、提高新农保参保意愿、改善政策执行与实施效果。     

The times make a hero: Street-level policy entrepreneurship in major crisis responses in China

Street-level bureaucrats are often grassroots officials, and they are regarded as passive practitioners of policy with no authority to change policy or innovate, while policy entrepreneurs are usually high-level officials. Based on observations of China's responses to two national crises, this study found that the times do make a hero. When acting as innovative frontline technocrats, major transboundary crisis practitioners, and management savvy operators within the top-down bureaucracy, street-level bureaucrats can become policy entrepreneurs. To innovate and drive policy change, street-level policy entrepreneurs will adopt innovative strategies. They will make efficient use of their expertise and discretion, integrate various resources, strive for attention from superiors, consolidate their achievements, and expand their influence.     

Public employment and the double role of bureaucrats

Bureaucrats in the government sector have a double role since they are both suppliers and demanders of public employment; they are publicly employed (supply labor) and they have an important say in deciding the size of the municipal employment (demand labor). In this paper we present and estimate a theoretical model that focuses on this double role of bureaucrats. The predictions from the theoretical model are supported by our empirical results: The estimates, based on data from Swedish municipalities 1990–2002, show that wages have smaller effects on the demand for bureaucrats than on the demand for other types of public employees. Actually, wages have no significant effect on the number of bureaucrats the municipality employs.     

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION VERSUS PROGRAM DESIGN: WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR POLICY "FAILURE"?

Many influential implementation scholars now argue that "street-level" bureaucrats, rather than legislators or high-level administrators, make public policy in the U.S. Such authors as Pressman and Wildavsky cite creaming in employment and training programs as an especially clear example of well-meaning programs that fail when implemented. This paper argues that two of the most significant and lasting of these programs, the U.S. Employment Service and the Manpower Development and Training Act, were designed to encourage creaming. The essay asserts implementation scholars overstate the disconnection between program design and program implementation because they assume there is little disconnection between program legitimation and program design. A better conception of design permits one to perceive that these programs were legitimated on the grounds they would serve a large number of constituents, but were designed to do so by serving employers. The combination of these premises made creaming an imperative of program operation, and the implementors who cream remain faith ful to original program strategy. This finding suggests a redirection of policy research toward a more rlgorous analysis of program design and a better understanding of the relationship between legitimation, design, and implementation.     

地权诉求、宅基地流转与农村劳动力转移

当前城乡统筹发展实践中农民地权诉求常被忽略,而地权诉求是理解宅基地流转和劳动力转移的关键。本文基于5省11县2192份农户调查问卷数据,采用双变量Probit模型实证分析地权诉求对宅基地流转和劳动力转移的影响效应。研究发现,地权诉求对宅基地流转和农村劳动力转移具有显著影响,其中地权诉求强度具有正向激励作用,地权诉求越强的农户,其宅基地流转和劳动力转移意愿也越强。地权诉求结构作用显著,其收益性诉求起正向激励作用,而保障性诉求起负向激励(抑制)作用。宅基地流转和劳动力转移存在相互作用,而地权诉求是其共同影响因素。论文研究对未来的宅基地流转政策具有参考意义,通过充分理解和尊重地权诉求,构建与地权诉求激励相容的政策方案,共同推动农村宅基地流转和劳动力转移,可实现宅基地流转及其与劳动力转移的和谐性。     

《民法典（草案）》的土地经营权规定应实质性修改

“三权分置”是中央农村土地制度改革的重大决策部署。《民法典(草案)》近日公开征求意见,将于2020年3月提交全国人大审议通过。其在“物权编”简单移植了《农村土地承包法》土地经营权的个别条文,解决了土地经营权定性不明的问题,但使《农村土地承包法》的逻辑紊乱、利益失衡、无法放活经营权等问题进一步固化、显化,亟待作出实质性修改。其进一步修改应以实现“放活经营权”改革目标为基本遵循,坚守“物债二分”基本理论,充分尊重中国实际,切实维护农民利益。     

Does appealability foster more citizen-friendly decisions at the street level?

Unbiased conduct is an essential part of the social contract between the state and its citizens. Yet, when tasked with settling disputes between citizens and other state officials, are public administrators truly impartial in their resolutions? Such a question is vital for street-level bureaucrats whom the public perceives as the face of governance. This study investigates the relations between the pro-citizen tendencies in street-level bureaucrats' resolutions, their internal appealability, and the discretionary space under which they are made. Using quantitative analysis of real-world lower-court rulings in Israeli tax disputes between 1980 and 2021, the research findings indicate that unregulated expansion of street-level bureaucrats' discretionary space relates to favoring the state's arguments in their resolutions and may impair procedural fairness. The findings also imply that regulation promoting citizens' right to appeal such resolutions within their agency, can increase street-level bureaucrats' pro-citizen tendencies and potentially counteract such outcomes.     

Policy Positions of Bureaucrats at the Front Lines: Are They Susceptible to Strategic Communication?

It is well established that bureaucrats’ implementation of policies is influenced by their own policy positions, that is, their attitudes toward the given policies. However, what affects the policy positions of bureaucrats? This article focuses on whether the policy positions of bureaucrats at the front lines of government are susceptible to frames and cues embedded in communication. Based on the notion that bureaucrats often adhere to certain professional norms when developing their attitudes toward policies, the authors hypothesize that communication frames and cues that align policies with such norms move bureaucrats’ policy positions in favor of the policy. Results of four studies in European and American settings among mid‐ and street‐level bureaucrats show support for the hypothesized effect. They also show that aligning policies with dimensions outside professional norms is ineffective, possibly even producing opposite effects.     

Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Attitude toward Clients: A Study of Work Group Influence in the Dutch and Belgian Tax Administration

Abstract

Classic street-level bureaucracy literature has suggested that individual bureaucrats are shaped by their work group. Work group colleagues can impact how bureaucrats perceive clients and how they behave toward them. Building on theories of work group socialization, social representation, and social identification, we investigate if and how the attitude of individual street-level bureaucrats toward clients is shaped by the client-attitude of the bureaucrat’s work group colleagues. We also test whether this relation is dependent on conditions of attitudinal homogeneity and perceived cohesion of the work group. Results of a survey among street-level bureaucrats in the Dutch and Belgian tax administration (1245 respondents from 210 work groups) suggest that different mechanisms underlie the work group’s impact on the individual street-level bureaucrat in this specific attitude. The analysis furthermore reveals that work groups have a limited impact on the individual’s client-attitude. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.