基于性能化的细水雾灭火系统设计方法及工程应用

细水雾以其清洁、高效的优越性，已成为哈龙系列灭火剂的重要替代技术之一，有着广泛的应用领域和广阔的应用前景。由于细水雾与火焰相互作用的物理过程相对复杂，而且该技术相关的标准规范尚在制订过程中，因此有必要运用性能化设计的思想，建立基于性能化的细水雾灭火系统设计方法，为细水雾在不同场所内使用提供科学的依据和参考。该方法从应用场所的实际防火目标出发，按照其可能的火灾发展特性来确定火灾场景，在此基础上进行全尺寸灭火有效性实验，研究不同设计方案下细水雾灭火特性，从而指导细水雾灭火系统的优化设计。本文以电力工业典型危险场所——电缆隧道细水雾保护的工程设计为应用实例，开展了一系列模拟实验。结果表明基于性能化的设计方法能够为细水雾灭火性能提供科学评价，能有效地提高细水雾灭火系统的效率和经济性。     

自动水消防系统在古寺庙中的应用

本文通过分析古寺庙建筑火灾危险因素,探讨自动喷水-泡沫联用系统、高压脉冲水枪、细水雾、雨淋系统及屋顶消防水箱在古寺庙建筑中的应用及优劣势。通过分析可以得知,自动喷水-泡沫联用系统、高压脉冲水枪、细水雾、雨淋系统、屋顶消防水箱等防火措施各有优点,但是缺点就是会对寺庙的木质结构造成二次伤害;细水雾虽然也会造成木质结构二次损害,但是在以上几种灭火措施中,细水雾相对而言优势明显,其工程施工管径小、隐蔽性强、用水量低、水渍损失相对较小。通过以上几种灭火措施的优劣势比较,为相关建筑的水系统消防设计提供借鉴。     

含添加剂细水雾灭固体火实验

在受限空间内使用含十二烷基苯磺酸钠添加剂和纯细水雾进行灭固体火的对比实验,通过灭火时间、火焰温度分布对不同浓度添加剂细水雾熄灭油池火的机理和有效性进行了分析。实验研究表明:含有十二烷基苯磺酸钠的细水雾比纯细水雾有更好的抑制效果,细水雾的灭火时间并不是随着添加剂的浓度变化而呈线性变化的,添加剂浓度为0.4%时,对细水雾灭火性能的提高效果最好。当浓度超过这一值时,表面张力维持在一恒定值,细水雾的灭火性能也不会有明显提升。     

新世纪自动喷水灭火系统应用技术发展探讨

自动喷水灭火系统是目前国际上公认的最为有效的自动灭火设施,在当今的建筑消防安全中发挥了极为重要的作用。本文就自动喷水灭火系统面向新世纪的应用技术加以探讨,提出自动喷水灭火系统要适应各种保护对象的需要,向综合性和可靠实用性方向发展的必然趋势;介绍并展望自动喷水灭火系统喷头技术的应用发展;进一步提出自动喷水灭火系统应用中的设计问题,应从喷头布置、设计规范、施工安装和给水管材几个方面特别进行关注,加强改进和创新,以发挥更为积极有效的作用。     

大空间场所火灾早期预报与自动灭火技术的初探与应用

针对在大空间场所下，普通火灾探测技术无法及时发现火灾，常用的闭式喷水灭火系统不能有效发挥作用，结合某PDP（等离子显示器）大空间洁净厂房探讨了大空间场所火灾早期预报与自动灭火技术以及该厂房的应用。根据该厂房的特殊功能在非洁净区间选择了红外对射式火灾探测系统等，在洁净区间设置了VESDA系统。综合产品技术性能．价格等各个方面考虑自动喷淋灭火系统选择了快速响应的闭式喷水灭火系统。     

建筑消防远程网络监控技术的应用

建筑消防设施是指设置在建筑物内的一切固定消防设施。包括室内消火栓系统、火灾自动警控制系统、自动喷水灭火系统。防排烟系统、安全疏散及应急照明系统。防火门、防火卷帘系统、气体灭火系统等。它们的完好率和火灾发生时的反映速度，直接影响灭火的成败。而决定建筑消防设施的完好率和火灾发生时的反映速度主要是靠监控设备来实现的。[第一段]     

排油充氮灭火装置在电力变压器防火保护中的应用探讨

文章系统分析了排油充氮灭火装置的应用特点,进而提出该系统其具有很大的发展前途。     

排油充氮灭火装置在电力变压器防火保护中的应用探讨

文章系统分析了排油充氮灭火装置的应用特点,进而提出该系统其具有很大的发展前途。     

高大空间建筑火灾探测和自动灭火系统设计选型探讨

本文根据大空间建筑发生火灾时的烟、热扩散规律,分析当前在大空间建筑内设置的几种火灾探测系统和自动喷水灭火系统的性能特点,供建筑消防设计和使用时参考。     

建筑消火栓给水系统存在的问题

建筑物内的消火栓给水系统是建筑物应用最为广泛的一种灭火系统。它由消防给水基础设施、消防给水管网、室内消火栓设备、报警控制设备及系统附件等组成。既可供火灾现场人员扑救建筑物初起火灾，又可供消防队员扑救建筑物的大火。由于建筑工程设计、施工以及建筑消防设施的维护管理使用存在各种问题，致使消火栓给水系统在扑救建筑火灾中，     

论海上火灾免责

海上火灾免责 ,从其定义、起因 ,到举证顺序 ,举证对象 ,也即火灾起因的举证责任和承运人过失的举证责任等至关重要的问题 ,我国立法上存在较明显的缺陷 ,一是未分清火灾举证责任的举证顺序。二是未区分火灾起因的举证责任与承运人过失的举证责任。三则有关举证责任的规定 ,含义模糊易引起歧义 ,实际上已经造成某些权威人士的错误解释。四则在保留“承运人本人”狭窄的范围的同时 ,却引进《汉堡规则》中的明示举证责任 ,而且有过之无不及。     

Extraction of alternative fuels from fire debris samples*

Alternative fuels, specifically biodiesel, biodiesel blends, and E85 fuel, have been gaining a market share over the past few years. With the emergence of these fuels, fire debris analysts should be able to recognize their characteristics since these fuels may be encountered in casework. In this study, pure biodiesel (B100) and a 20% blend of pure biodiesel with petroleum diesel (B20) are examined as liquids and are extracted from debris samples using both passive headspace concentration and solvent extraction. Typical fire debris instrumental conditions are used to analyze these samples. Components of B100 and B20 may be observed in debris samples extracted using the passive headspace concentration method, but the chromatographic patterns are different from the pure liquid samples. When solvent extraction is used as a secondary extraction method on debris samples, the resulting patterns are consistent with the pure liquids of B100 and B20. E85 fuel, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, can be extracted using a typical fire debris extraction technique but requires slight modifications to typical fire debris instrumental conditions. E85 is shown at various stages of evaporation to demonstrate the resiliency of the ethanol. Additionally, samples of E85 were placed on carpet, burned and extinguished to demonstrate the effects of the suppression medium on the retention of ethanol.     

Correlates of adolescent fire setting: examining the role of fire interest,fire-related attentional bias,impulsivity, empathy and callous–unemotional traits

Little is known about potential correlates of problematic fire setting that could guide risk assessments and intervention. The current study measured aspects of fire-setting behaviour, fire interest, attentional bias towards fire-related words on a modified Stroop task, impulsivity, cognitive and affective empathy and callous–unemotional traits among adolescent fire setters, non-fire-setting antisocial adolescents and age-matched school controls. Results showed that current fire setting was associated with earlier onset of lighter/match play and unsanctioned fire setting. Fire-setting adolescents were also characterised by high impulsivity, callousness, uncaring traits and low cognitive empathy. Fire-setting frequency was best predicted by high impulsivity. Fire interest correlated negatively with accuracy on fire-related words on the fire Stroop task. These findings suggest that impulsivity may be important in the assessment and treatment of problematic fire setting, and encourage further research on modified Stroop tasks as a novel means to assess fire interest.     

The effect of compressed air foam on the detection of hydrocarbon fuels in fire debris samples

In 1998/99 the New Zealand Fire Service implemented compressed air foam delivery systems for the suppression of fires in rural areas. This study investigated whether the introduction of the foam to the seat of the fire created any problems in subsequent analyses of fire debris samples. No significant interferences from the foam were found when the samples were analysed by direct headspace using activated carbon strips. The only foam component detected was limonene.     

The Use of Liquid Latex for Soot Removal from Fire Scenes and Attempted Fingerprint Development with Ninhydrin*

Abstract: Throughout the United States, clearance rates for arson cases remain low due to fire’s destructive nature, subsequent suppression, and a misconception by investigators that no forensic evidence remains. Recent research shows that fire scenes can yield fingerprints if soot layers are removed prior to using available fingerprinting processes. An experiment applying liquid latex to sooted surfaces was conducted to assess its potential to remove soot and yield fingerprints after the dried latex was peeled. Latent fingerprints were applied to glass and drywall surfaces, sooted in a controlled burn, and cooled. Liquid latex was sprayed on, dried, and peeled. Results yielded usable prints within the soot prior to removal techniques, but no further fingerprint enhancement was noted with Ninhydrin. Field studies using liquid latex will be continued by the (US) Virginia Fire Marshal Academy but it appears that liquid latex application is a suitable soot removal method for forensic applications.     

注册防火工程师执业与管理的构想与展望

文章假设我国已建立注册防火工程师制度,那么消防机构将已进行性能化建筑防火设计与评估的工程实行备案制度,不进行具体的建筑防火审查。注册防火工程师执业的机构形式有两种:大型设计院、研究所、高校所属的性能化防火设计研究所和社会性的火灾安全咨询服务公司。公安部消防局是注册防火工程师执业机构的主管部门,并对其进行行业与技术管理,如人员组成、软件设备、注册资金及收费标准、人员培训与业务指导以及建筑设计修改等。     

Using fire dynamics simulator to reconstruct a hydroelectric power plant fire accident

The location of the hydroelectric power plant poses a high risk to occupants seeking to escape in a fire accident. Calculating the heat release rate of transformer oil as 11.5 MW/m(2), the fire at the Taiwan Dajia-River hydroelectric power plant was reconstructed using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The variations at the escape route of the fire hazard factors temperature, radiant heat, carbon monoxide, and oxygen were collected during the simulation to verify the causes of the serious casualties resulting from the fire. The simulated safe escape time when taking temperature changes into account is about 236 sec, 155 sec for radiant heat changes, 260 sec for carbon monoxide changes, and 235-248 sec for oxygen changes. These escape times are far less than the actual escape time of 302 sec. The simulation thus demonstrated the urgent need to improve escape options for people escaping a hydroelectric power plant fire.     

Modeling the suppression effect of correctional programs on juvenile delinquency

Studies of the effects of correctional programs on juvenile delinquency have observed that delinquents exhibit a sharp rise in their arrest rates up to the time of intervention. The drop to a lower rate following intervention has been labeled a suppression effect. A controversy has arisen regarding the nature of the suppression effect; some scholars attribute it to the effectiveness of the correctional programs, while others claim that it is due to a selection artifact. In this study, we examine attempts to model such phenomena and point out that the general terms in the model are not identifiable. Without identifiability, one can construct models that attribute the suppression effect either to the correctional program or to the selection artifact. Some identifiable models are proposed and their associate likelihood functions are used to present a process of model-based analysis to analyze data collected originally by the American Institutes for Research. Discussion of the feasibility of this type of probabilistic modeling approach to criminal justice phenomena is also given.     

霰弹弹杯所致损伤及其应用价值

本文17例制式霰弹猎枪射入口和创道的病理形态学，通过结合射击实验获得了较为一致的结果。初步认为，商品霰弹中的塑料弹杯所造成射入口创缘或创周损伤的形态变化与射击距离密切相关，在法医学鉴定中具有一定的应用价值。     

Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping: A Tool for Identification of Fused Materials in Fire Debris

Examination of fire debris can provide information about the types of materials which were present at the time of the fire to give insights for fire scene reconstruction and understanding compartment fire dynamics. This paper demonstrates the ability of Raman spectroscopy for material identification postfire in complex situations, such as the production of fused masses during fire dropdown. A validated Raman spectral library is combined with Raman mapping in three fire case studies, to determine the individual materials in the fused masses formed. The case studies accessed material combinations of several common polymers. Raman mapping was carried out on a 10 μm × 10 μm square of the masses. Material identification using this technique ranged from a high of 85% match to a low of 40% match. This work demonstrated that complex masses found in the fire debris can be resolved into the individual material components for identification and spatial distribution.