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1.
Margaret H. Ariotti 《Legislative Studies Quarterly》2021,46(1):85-118
How does government composition affect government spending in Africa’s democracies? Many scholars have examined the political, institutional, and ideological determinants of government spending, finding that government attributes can affect government spending levels. However, many of these studies have focused on OECD countries, largely overlooking the link between government spending and government composition in African democracies. I examine support for two existing theories about the characteristics of governments that can lead to increases in spending levels: the number of parties in government and the number of ministers. I assess empirical evidence for these theories using original data on government composition in 19 African countries from 1990 to 2015 and data on government spending from the World Bank. I find that a coalition at the time the budget is passed is associated with increased spending, but the number of cabinet ministers does not appear to systematically affect levels of government spending. 相似文献
2.
Anthony Glass 《International Review of Law and Economics》2009,29(1):29-37
The analysis begins by using annual data for the US from 1959 to 2003 to examine the macroeconomic relationship between government expenditure on public order and safety, output and investment. In practice, total spending on public order and safety is divided up into four categories (police force, fire service, law courts and prison service) so in the second part of the analysis we test for Granger causality between output, investment and each category of spending. But the division of aggregate spending may give rise to trade-offs/complementarities so in the final part of the analysis Granger causality tests are used to investigate this issue. Among other things, the results suggest that changes in output Granger cause changes in total spending on public order and safety. In particular, when total spending is disaggregated the findings suggest that changes in output Granger cause changes in spending on the police force and the law courts. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines the impact of trade liberalisation on the long-run economic development as measured by the real GDP per capita in Turkey. Based on the ‘endogenous’ growth theory, we employ bivariate and multivariate cointegration analyses to test the long-run relationship among the relevant variables. Results for Turkey suggest a stable, joint long-run relationship among real GDP per capita, an index of trade liberalisation, human and physical capital in accordance with the ‘endogenous’ growth theory. Statistically significant error-correction terms provide further evidence that those variables are indeed cointegrated. This also implies causal effects. 相似文献
4.
Joel R. Carbonell 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2016,16(5):691-719
The current paper examines the dynamics of state security behavior and international environmental protection. In particular, the study provides a liberal institutional approach in identifying a “guns and butter” relationship between military spending and state participation with international environmental agreements. This cross-national study employs both bivariate and multivariate regression models to analyze the relationship between military expenditures and state participation with international environmental agreements, particularly examining the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The empirics of the study suggest that states with higher military expenditures as a percent of GDP are less likely to comply with international environmental agreements. Theoretical and empirical implications are presented in the conclusion section. 相似文献
5.
Karen Heimer Kecia R. Johnson Joseph B. Lang Andres F. Rengifo Don Stemen 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(2):219-244
Female imprisonment rates have increased proportionately more than male imprisonment rates over recent decades. There are
substantial race differences in women’s rates, as is the case for men. Yet, there has been little quantitative research on
the correlates of women’s imprisonment using data over time, or on potential race differences in those correlates. The present
research analyzes data on black and nonblack female imprisonment rates in the 50 states for the period 1981–2003. The analyses
are guided substantively by existing research on race, social threat and criminal punishment, and theory and research on the
penal-welfare hypothesis. The study uses bivariate-response multilevel modeling to simultaneously examine the factors associated
with black and nonblack women’s imprisonment rates. The results show that black female imprisonment rates increase when the
concentration of African Americans in metropolitan areas and poverty rates grow, whereas nonblack female imprisonment rates
are unaffected by poverty rates and actually decrease when African American populations become more concentrated in metro
areas. Both black and nonblack women’s imprisonment rates increase when welfare spending declines. The results are consistent
with social threat perspectives and the penal-welfare hypotheses. 相似文献
6.
This study empirically investigates the extent of noncompliance with the tax code and examines the determinants of federal
income tax evasion in the U.S. Employing a refined version of Feige’s (Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund 33(4):768–881,
1986, 1989) General Currency Ratio (GCR) model to estimate a time series of unreported income as our measure of tax evasion, we find
that 18–23% of total reportable income may not properly be reported to the IRS. This gives rise to a 2009 “tax gap” in the
range of $390–$390–540 billion. As regards the determinants of tax noncompliance, we find that federal income tax evasion is an
increasing function of the average effective federal income tax rate, the unemployment rate, the nominal interest rate, and
per capita real GDP, and a decreasing function of the IRS audit rate. Despite important refinements of the traditional currency
ratio approach for estimating the aggregate size and growth of unreported economies, we conclude that the sensitivity of the
results to different benchmarks, imperfect data sources and alternative specifying assumptions precludes obtaining results
of sufficient accuracy and reliability to serve as effective policy guides. 相似文献
7.
Mark Greenberg 《Law and Philosophy》2011,30(4):419-451
In this paper, I challenge an influential understanding of naturalization according to which work on traditional problems
in the philosophy of law should be replaced with sociological or psychological explanations of how judges decide cases. W.V.
Quine famously proposed the ‘naturalization of epistemology’. In a prominent series of papers and a book, Brian Leiter has
raised the intriguing idea that Quine’s naturalization of epistemology is a useful model for philosophy of law. I examine
Quine’s naturalization of epistemology and Leiter’s suggested parallel and argue that the parallel does not hold up. Even
granting Leiter’s substantive assumption that the law is indeterminate, there is no philosophical confusion or overreaching
in the legal case that is parallel to the philosophical overreaching of Cartesian foundationalism in epistemology. Moreover,
if we take seriously Leiter’s analogy, the upshot is almost the opposite of what Leiter suggests. The closest parallel in
the legal case to Quine’s position would be the rejection of the philosophical positions that lead to the indeterminacy thesis. 相似文献
8.
Alexander Brown 《Law and Philosophy》2011,30(6):699-728
That government agencies and public bodies can be liable for damages when they induce and then frustrate people’s legitimate
expectations is an important and distinctive feature of administrative law in Europe. This article sets out to establish a
set of moral principles and ideals that might justify this legal institution. The notion of security of expectations found
in the work of utilitarian writers provides a starting point. Having examined the strengths and weaknesses of this approach,
I then turn to consider an alternative argument based on finding a solution to the problem of credible commitments. Finally,
I look for suitable moral arguments in the liberal and Kantian political theorising of John Rawls. I argue that if we see
the function of the rule of law as not merely to maximise aggregate utility and to make policymakers’ decisions seem credible
but also to ensure Justice as Fairness for individuals, then this provides a more robust and satisfactory way to justify the
liability of public bodies for legitimate expectations they induce and then frustrate. 相似文献
9.
Xixin Wang 《Frontiers of Law in China》2007,2(3):464-491
Due to lack of effective, and adequate communication on the standpoint of the government and the attitudes of civil society
in legislative process, this has led to tension between the government and the general public. Within the context of law enforcement,
the government sticks to “problem-based strategies” and “campaign-based enforcement”, who believe in the power of coercive
force. As a way out of the dilemma in law enforcement, it is required that in the process of rule-making, the government should
communicate effectively with the civil society in the institutionalized system, focusing on learning, reflection, and strategic
adjustment.
Wang Xixin, Professor at Law School of Peking University. Since 1999, Prof. Wang is a working member of China Administrative
Legislative Research Group an academic team advising China’s Legal Affairs Working Commission on administrative law reforms.
Since 2001, he is a major drafter for China’s Administrative Procedure Act. Since 2002, he is a research consultant for the
NPC Standing Committee General Office. Since 2003, he is a research fellow of the China Law Center of Yale Law School. Since
2005, he is a Vice-chairman of Beijing Administrative Law Society. In academia, Prof. Wang is focused on administrative procedure,
public participation, rulemaking and comparative administrative studies, whose publications include books, such as “Administrative
Procedure: A Theoretic and Institutional Inquiry” (Beijing, 2007) and “Public Participation and Administrative Process” (Beijing,
2007) and some 30 articles for journals published in China and America. Moreover, Prof. Wang often submits papers and gives
lectures in academic forums, including Columbia Law School, Yale Law School, the Woodrow Wilson Center for Int’l Scholarship,
and Carnige Endowment for Int’l Peace. 相似文献
10.
Nicholas M. Odhiambo 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2010,43(3):205-219
In this paper we examine the dynamic causal relationship between financial development, investment and economic growth in
South Africa—using the newly developed ARDL-Bounds testing procedure. Unlike the majority of the previous studies, we incorporate
investment in the bivariate model between financial development and economic growth—thereby creating a simple trivariate causality
model. In addition, we use three proxies of financial development, namely M2/GDP, the ratio of private sector credit to GDP
and the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP in order to test the robustness of the results. Our results show that, on the whole,
economic growth has a formidable influence on the financial sector development. The study also finds that there is a distinct
unidirectional causal flow from economic growth to investment. Moreover, the study also finds that investment, which results
from growth, Granger-causes financial development. The study, therefore, recommends that South Africa should intensify its
pro-growth policies in order to bolster investment and financial development. 相似文献
11.
12.
Jacques de Ville 《Law and Critique》2010,21(1):17-37
In this article the Derrida/Foucault debate is scrutinised with two closely related aims in mind: (1) reconsidering the way
in which Foucault’s texts, and especially the more recently published lectures, should be read; and (2) establishing the relation
between law and madness. The article firstly calls for a reading of Foucault which exceeds metaphysics with the security it
offers, by taking account of Derrida’s reading of Foucault as well as of the heterogeneity of Foucault’s texts. The article
reflects in detail on a text of Derrida on Foucault (‘Cogito and the History of Madness’) as well as a text of Foucault on
Blanchot (‘Maurice Blanchot: The Thought from Outside’). The latter text shows that Foucault was at times acutely aware of
the difficulty involved in exceeding metaphysics and that he realised the importance in this regard of a reflection on literature.
These reflections tie in closely with Foucault’s History of Madness as well as with Derrida’s reflections on literature and on madness. Both Derrida and Foucault contend that law has much to
learn from literature in understanding the relation between itself and madness. Literature more specifically points to law’s
‘origin’ in madness. The article contends that a failure to take seriously this origin, also in the reading of Foucault’s
lectures, would amount to a denial by law of itself. 相似文献
13.
Amy Swiffen 《Law and Critique》2010,21(1):39-51
The paper explores the role of Jacques Lacan’s Ethics of Psychoanalysis in debates in law and legal philosophy. It proceeds by considering a debate between Slavoj Žižek and Judith Butler over Lacan’s
concept of the real, which forms part of a larger discussion over the future of democracy and the rule of law (Butler et al. 2000). Through reference
to discussions of the relationship between law and ethics based on the Antigone tragedy, I argue that the difference between Žižek and Butler’s positions should not be understood in terms of the correctness of
their reading of Lacan, but in terms of the political commitments that inform their respective interpretations. I explain
the implications of this debate over one of Lacan’s most enigmatic concepts, thereby showing how Lacan’s theory can be used
to rethink the politics of law in light of the increased emphasis on ethics in contemporary legal debates. 相似文献
14.
This paper explores two configurations of thinking about crime amongst law enforcement agencies and private sector security
managers: ‘risk calculation’ (concerned with everyday, calculable probabilities and impacts and their management) and ‘precautionary
uncertainty’ (concerned with events that might be incapacitating, yet are not calculable by probability assessments). The
paper explores their respective constituent concepts and fields of application in crime assessment, drawing upon qualitative
research-in-progress in Belgium. Risk calculation, as applied to crime, starts with past data on routines that link perpetrators
with targets that lack capable guardians. Precautionary uncertainty focuses on potential impacts that are highly disabling
and potentially wide-spreading (contagion, knock-on effects), asking how such impacts can be contained and recovered from.
Risk and uncertainty are shown to be related to ‘rational-instrumental’ and ‘deliberative-constitutive’ approaches as developed
by Fisher’s work in the field of law, which offers a meta-narrative in relation to which they can be positioned. Finally,
the paper asks if these two crime assessment methods should be seen as distinct or as merging. On the basis of criteria of
conceptual sharpness, openness to public debate and justiciability, the authors champion the maintenance of a clear distinction
between risk and uncertainty. 相似文献
15.
Dennis J. Stevens 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1999,14(2):1-10
This study focuses on the influencing components producing corruption among narcotic law enforcement officers, and it is the
second article of a three part series among 255 officers. It was postulated that income and stress among of narcotic officers
gives rise to corruption. Although, corruption was defined as police brutality, personal use of contraband, and abuse of due
process rights, the data was insufficient to support the hypothesis. It was revealed, however, that corruption did exist among
narcotic officers, but its causal factors were related to an officer’s lack of experience, innocence, and integrity. Recommendations
are that narcotic officers be selected based on their experiences especially military service. Further research should be
conducted examining the link between military training and quality narcotic law enforcement service.
Author Note: Dennis J. Stevens, Ph.D. is an associate professor of criminal justice at the University of Massachusetts at Boston. In
addition to teaching traditional and nontraditional students, he teaches and counsels law enforcement officers in police academies
such as at the North Carolina Justice Academy and felons at maximum custody penitentiaries such as Attica in New York, Eastern
and Women’s Institute in North Carolina, Stateville and Joliet near Chicago, and CCI in Columbia, South Carolina. He is a
former group facilitator for an organization that specializes in court ordered abuse counseling. He can be reached at dennis.stevens@umb.edu 相似文献
16.
In this paper we articulate and test the hypothesis that TFP is a reliable and relevant measure of firm’s innovation capabilities,
and, as such, accounts for Tobin’s q indicator. With this aim, we investigate empirically the relationship between firm level total factor productivity and the
Tobin’s q. Measuring Tobin’s q allows inferring the actual value of knowledge capital from stock market valuation. We use a panel of companies listed on
UK and the main continental Europe financial markets (Germany, France and Italy) for the period 1995–2005. Our results confirm
that TFP is a reliable indicator of firm’s innovative capabilities. When we control for firm’s R&D investments and intangible
assets, the effects of TFP on market value remain highly significant. This suggests that TFP is a broader measure of innovation
capability than R&D is. The validation of the Tobin’s q and TFP relationship has important implications concerning firm’s technological innovation measurement. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a closed economy model of endogenous growth driven by capital externalities arising from both private capital and public infrastructure. The model is calibrated to fit data for India, an approximately closed economy. Simulations suggest that fiscal policy certainly matters and the choice of the income taxation rate, the mix of government spending between infrastructure and public consumption goods, and the long-run government debt/GDP ratio can all significantly affect the long-run growth rate. Intertemporal aspects of fiscal policy are also important and the precommitment (time-inconsistent) and non-precommitment policies differ substantially. 相似文献
18.
Jacques de Ville 《International Journal for the Semiotics of Law》2010,23(3):239-242
In this essay, one of Derrida’s early texts, Plato’s pharmacy, is analysed in detail, more specifically in relation to its reflections on writing and its relation to law. This analysis
takes place with reference to a number of Derrida’s other texts, in particular those on Freud. It is especially Freud’s texts
on dream interpretation and on the dream-work which are of assistance in understanding the background to Derrida’s analysis
of writing in Plato’s pharmacy. The essay shows the close relation between Derrida’s analysis of Plato’s texts and Freud’s study of the dream-work. The
forces at work in dreams, it appears, are at play in all texts, which in turn explains Derrida’s contentions in relation to
the pharmakon as providing the condition of possibility of Plato’s texts. The essay furthermore points to the continuity between this ‘early’
text of Derrida and his ‘later’, seemingly more politico-legal texts of the 1990s. A close reading of Plato’s pharmacy, with its investigation via ‘writing’ of the foundations of metaphysics, and thus also of the Western concept of law, is
obligatory should one wish to comprehend how Derrida attempts to exceed the restricted economy of metaphysics through his
analysis of concepts such as justice and hospitality. 相似文献
19.
Juan P. Mendoza Henri C. Dekker Jacco L. Wielhouwer 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2020,36(1):183-205
Industry actors (organizations, associations) can influence the way in which firms comply with regulations. This study examines how this influence process is affected by government intervention. Using official, anonymized data from the entire industry of financial intermediation in the Netherlands (N = 8655 firms), we examine how firms’ affiliations with industry actors relate to (1) voluntary actions aligned with improving regulatory compliance (e.g., requesting audits, attending workshops), and (2) law violations. Industry actors are distinguished between trade associations and the industry’s self-regulatory organization (SRO), which is subject to more government intervention. The analysis employs Poisson regressions to explain count variables, and bootstrapping to assess indirect associations. A series of robustness tests focus on relevant sub-samples, employ exact matching to address possible self-selection, and incorporate lagged dependent variables. The association between affiliations with industry actors and law violations is negative and significant. This association is more indirect for trade associations than for the SRO (i.e., it is more strongly mediated by the voluntary actions firms take and which help to improve compliance). These findings go in line with the theory that government intervention makes industry-self regulation more mandated and less voluntary. Under less government intervention, industry actors may promote more voluntary efforts to comply. 相似文献
20.
Yongping Ge 《Frontiers of Law in China》2011,6(1):98-116
Hong Kong law is characterized by a mixture of legal sources and traditions, originating from the constitutional government-based
structure in the mid-1800s to the new laws, which were promulgated at the beginning of the 20th century. Since Hong Kong’s
return into the People’s Republic of China in 1997, the development and forms of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Laws have been influenced by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China of 1982, the Sino-British Joint Declaration
of Hong Kong issues of 1984 as well as the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of 1990. The government
of China continues to undertake measures, promoting a high degree of autonomy within the Hong Kong as well as its political
stability and economic prosperity. All these measures contribute to the promotion of the rule of law and unification of China. 相似文献