300例心源性猝死案例的法医学鉴定分析

目的探讨心源性猝死案例的病因、诱发因素及法医病理学特点,以期为心源性猝死案件的法医病理诊断提供参考。方法收集法医病理检案中的心源性猝死案例,对其年龄、性别、死亡时间、死因、诱因及场所等流行病学特点进行回顾分析。结果 300例心源性猝死案例中男性多于女性,18~45岁发病最多;病因包括冠心病(129例),心肌病(78例),心肌炎(36例)等;应激为SCD最常见的诱发因素(157例)。结论 1应激和冠心病是心源性猝死的重要危险因素。2心源性猝死的法医学鉴定除了要进行系统的尸检及病理学检查外,还要对死者的相关资料如:基础疾病、诱因、死亡时间、死亡经过等进行全面系统的分析以明确死因。     

118例心源性猝死分析

心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)在成人猝死的死因中占首位,本文对1998-2005年陕西地区发生的118例SCD案例进行统计分析,结果显示男性是女性的5.9倍,其中冠心病占55.1%,心肌炎占17.8%,心肌病占9.3%,先天性心脏病、瓣膜病、主动脉夹层瘤破裂各占2.5%,其他疾病占4.5%。说明SCD多发于男性,冠心病仍是SCD的主要基础疾病,心肌炎是青少年SCD的主要原因,心肌病是青壮年SCD的危险因素,无结构异常的心脏病也同样严重威胁生命健康。     

97例心性猝死的法医病理学分析

目的探讨心性猝死（SCD）的特点、病理基础及致死因素和诱因等。方法对本系2002年12月至2006年12月期间，所作450例法医病理检案的97例心性猝死案例进行分析研究。结果97例SCD患者中，冠心痛猝死38例，心肌炎23例，心肌痛16例，高血压性心脏病12例，主动脉瘤破裂4例，肺栓塞4例。结论SCD病程短骤、凶险，以老年男性多见，冠心病占首位。由于猝死的因素繁多，因此对猝死事件的法医学鉴定要根据其发生特征和变化规律，作出客观、全面、准确的签定结论。     

心肌梗死和心脏传导系统病变在心源性猝死中的作用

心源性猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD)是由心脏原因引起的突然死亡,最常见于冠心病,且很多合并心肌梗死。但某些SCD(包括早期心肌梗死)由于发生突然,在极短的时间内即可引起死亡,肉眼和镜下缺乏典型的形态学改变,是目前研究的重点及难点。心肌梗死与心脏传导系统(cardiac conduction system,CCS)异常引起SCD的原因都与冠状动脉粥样硬化密切相关,本文从形态学和分子生物学两个方面入手,对心肌梗死与CCS病变引起心脏功能障碍的相关研究进行综述,以进一步揭示两者之间的相关性,对今后心肌梗死引起猝死机制方面的研究提供线索,为SCD的法医学诊断提供帮助。     

病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病中Dystrophin蛋白的表达

目的探讨病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病的发病机制及相互关系,从而提高心性猝死法医学鉴定的可靠性和准确性。方法对17例对照(包括正常心脏、冠心病、高血压性心脏病等),25例病毒性心肌炎和28例扩张性心肌病的心肌组织进行改良的病理学dystrophin免疫组织化学研究。结果dystrophin蛋白在对照组,病毒性心肌炎组和扩张性心肌病组中阳性表达率分别为100%,88%,57%,三组表达差异有显著性(P<0.05),且在病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病组间表达有显著差异(P<0.05),经Spearman等级相关分析呈显著负相关(r=-0.526)。结论病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病心肌中细胞骨架蛋白均有破坏,且随着由病毒性心肌炎进展为扩张性心肌病,dystrophin蛋白表达逐渐降低,说明在病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病的发病机制中可能与dystrophin的被破坏有关,病毒感染并破坏心肌细胞骨架蛋白并最终导致心肌细胞坏死,心功能受损,从而使病毒性心肌炎进展为扩张性心肌病。     

病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病心肌中β-sarcoglycan的免疫组化染色观察

目的探讨病毒性心肌炎(viralmyocarditis,VCM)和扩张型心肌病(dilatedcardiomyopathy,DCM)的发病机制及相互关系,从而提高心性猝死法医学鉴定的可靠性和准确性。方法对17例对照组(包括冠心病、高血压性心脏病和正常心脏等),25例VCM和28例DCM的心肌组织进行改良的β-sarcoglycan免疫组织化学染色观察,并对其阳性反应率进行χ2检验及相关分析。结果β-SG蛋白在对照组,VCM组和DCM组中阳性反应率分别为100%,80%,46.4%。经χ2检验,3组阳性反应率差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);用χ2分割法分析,VCM和DCM组间差异有显著意义(P<0.05),且Spearman等级相关分析呈显著负相关(rs=-0.605)。结论病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病病变与β-SG的被破坏有关;随着VCM病变程度的加重,其可能发展为DCM。     

扩张性心肌病猝死的法医病理学分析

扩张性心肌病是心性猝死常见原因之一,本文通过2例尸检病理报告并结合文献,讨论了扩张性心肌病病变特点、猝死原因、病理诊断要点及法医学鉴定注意事项.不明原因的心腔扩张;心脏轻度到中度增重,但心室壁增厚不明显:心肌肥大:心内膜和间质纤维化是病理诊断要点.猝死原因除充血性心力衰竭外,不应忽视心律紊乱.全面系统尸体解剖,在排除其他死因的基础     

冠心病猝死冠脉斑块组成成分的病理形态学改变

目的探讨冠心病猝死(SCD)组和对照组冠脉粥样硬化斑块纤维帽厚度和脂质核心百分比的差异。方法随机挑选病例及心脏标本共64例,分为SCD组和对照组。在冠脉粥样硬化最严重的部位取材,制片,并行HE染色,显微镜观察冠脉的病理变化和斑块的组成,采用图像分析系统对冠脉斑块纤维帽厚度和脂质核心与整个斑块的百分比进行定量分析,所得数据用SPSS11.5统计软件进行数据分析。结果SCD组中,冠脉粥样硬化病变Ⅳ级21例,Ⅲ级15例,对照组中冠脉粥样硬化病变Ⅳ级12例,Ⅲ级16例,两组在病变的严重程度上未见显著性差异(P>0.05);两组冠脉粥样硬化斑块纤维帽的厚度和脂质核心百分比均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论SCD组与对照组在冠脉粥样斑块的纤维帽厚度和脂质核心百分比大小等两方面均存在显著性差异;对SCD的病理诊断和法医学鉴定都具有重要意义。     

3例心肌炎猝死者传导系统的病理组织学研究

<正> 病毒性心肌炎发病率逐年升高,在其组织学、病因学、血清学及发病机制等方面国内外进行了较深入细致的研究,但对心脏传导系统的组织学研究较少。鉴于某些病人尸检除心肌炎外,其它器官未见致死性病变,而且心肌本身的病变也不足以引起突然死亡。为研究猝死是否由心肌炎累及传导系统所致,本文对3例心肌炎猝死传导系统的组织学进行了系统的检查。     

心肌炎侵及心传导系统病理学观察

本研究采用已建立的人体心脏传导系统简易取材法,对6例心肌炎的案例进行了传导组织的病理学观察,结果发现6例心肌炎患者CCS均有明显炎症,尤以SAN、AVN病变为主;推测CCS炎症可能为心肌炎患者猝死的主要原因。因此,本文提出对怀疑心性猝死案例应作常规传导系统检查。     

Impact of Myocardial Infarction and Abnormalities of Cardiac Conduction System on Sudden Cardiac DeathCSCD

Sudden cardiac death (SCD), most commonly seen in coronary heart disease, is a kind of sudden death caused by series of cardiac parameters, which usually combines with myocardial infarction. However, some SCDs (including early myocardial infarction) happen suddenly and cause death in a very short time. In these circumstances, typical morphological changes are lack in macroscopic or microscopic fields, which make such SCDs become the emphasis and difficulty in the present research. SCD caused by myocardial infarction and abnormalities of cardiac conduction system (CCS) is related to atherosclerosis of coronary artery closely. This paper reviews cardiac dysfunction caused by myocardial infarction and diseases of CCS from morphology and molecular biology, and explores potential relationship between them. This paper aims to provide clues to the mechanism of myocardial infarction related sudden death and possible assistance for forensic diagnosis of SCD. © 2017 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

Pulmonary thromboembolism after air travel: Two case reports, the review of literature and forensic implications

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the main class of doping agents and their consumption produces adverse effects involving several organs and systems. Three cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and one of death due to congestive heart failure of previously healthy athletes who were AAS users are herein reported. Concentric cardiac hypertrophy with focal fibrosis (one case), dilated cardiomyopathy with patchy myocyte death (two cases) and eosinophilic myocarditis (one case) were observed and most probably relate to the final event. Molecular investigation for viral genomes was positive in one case (Ebstein virus). Our data confirm previous findings, showing that the most typical cardiac abnormality in AAS abusers is left ventricular hypertrophy, associated with fibrosis and myocytolysis. An exceptional cardiovascular substrate was represented by the case with drug induced eosinophilic myocarditis. These features are at risk of ventricular arrhythmias as well as congestive heart failure. The cause-effect relationship between AAS abuse and cardiac death can be established only by a rigorous methodology with the use of standardized protocols, including precise morphological studies of all target organs to search for chronic toxic effects. Laboratory investigations should focus on AAS searching on a wide range of biological matrices to demonstrate type, magnitude and time of exposure.     

冠心病猝死的病理学研究——附128例尸检分析

本文报道128例冠心病猝死的法医病理学研究结果。其中冠脉病变4级63例,3级26例,2级29例。3级以上病变者斑块分布多较广泛。各支病变中以左前降支最常见。并发新鲜血栓形成者18例,斑块内出血17例,急性心肌梗死仅2例。36例冠脉斑块有炎性细胞浸润。56例见心肌间质纤维化或小灶疤痕形成。指出虽然我国冠心病发病率较低,但仍是猝死最常见的原因,尤以中壮年男性多见;多数病例无明显诱因而于睡眠中猝死。对冠心病猝死发生的特点、冠脉和心肌病变及病理诊断等进行了分析讨论。     

Sudden death resulting from lesions of the cardiac conduction system

Sudden unexpected deaths in young persons with noncontributory histories, autopsy results, and drug screen results are a common problem in forensic pathology. As part of the evaluation of such cases, the cardiac conduction system (CCS) should be studied. To determine the type and incidence of lethal CCS lesions, the authors reviewed their files of sudden unexpected cardiac deaths with particular attention to cases with causes of death in the conduction system. Cases of sudden cardiac death in patients aged < or=40 years during a 10-year period (Michigan) and a 4 year-period (Spain) were selected from the files. From this group, cases were identified in which the cause of death was a lethal change in the CCS. The portions of the heart containing the CCS were excised, and at least one hematoxylin and eosin slide and at least one trichrome or elastic trichrome slide per block were studied. In the two centers, 381 cases of sudden cardiac death were identified. The most common causes of sudden cardiac death were arteriosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries, cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis. In 82 cases, there was no identifiable cause of death even after complete gross and microscopic autopsy was performed, a medical history was obtained, and a drug screen was performed. In 11 cases, the CCS contained lesions that were considered lethal: narrowing of the atrioventricular node artery by fibromuscular hyperplasia (7 cases) and atrioventricular node tumors (4 cases). The 11 cases accounted for 2.9% of the 381 cases of sudden cardiac death and 11.8% of the indeterminable cases. It was concluded that examination of the CCS in deaths in which the gross and microscopic autopsy, history, and drug screen fail to provide a cause of death can yield a cause of death in a significant percentage of cases. If heart block was not documented during life and no explanatory lesions were found during routine cardiac examination, examination of the CCS can yield valuable information.     

冠心病猝死心肌mcl-1蛋白检测及其意义

目的观察冠心病猝死(SCD)心肌mcl-1蛋白产物,探讨其免疫组化检测及其对SCD诊断的意义。方法运用免疫组织化学SABC法,对46例SCD和40例非猝死心肌(有冠心病和无冠心病)中mcl-1蛋白产物进行检测和观察,并比较其差异。结果(1)自症状出现至死亡,时间超过30min的SCD(36例),其心肌组织均出现mcl-1蛋白阳性染色;(2)自症状出现至死亡,时间短于30min的SCD(10例),其心肌组织mcl-1蛋白呈弱阳性染色;(3)冠心病非猝死样本(20例),4例心肌出现微弱的mcl-1蛋白阳性染色,无冠心病非猝死样本(20例)几乎没有出现阳性染色。结论心肌mcl-1蛋白的免疫组化检测可诊断自症状出现至死亡时间超过30min的SCD。     

The spectrum of intramyocardial small vessel disease associated with sudden death

Intramyocardial small vessel abnormalities are not commonly recognized. The best known abnormality is fibromuscular dysplasia involving the sinoatrial or atrioventricular nodal arteries. Small vessel disease has been reported as an isolated cardiac anomaly in individuals with sudden death, and may also be associated with other cardiac conditions including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral valve prolapse. The nature of the association is unknown, and the mechanism causing sudden death is sometimes obscure. We describe pathological changes of the intramyocardial small vessels of three individuals with sudden death. Abnormalities involved small vessels at different levels. In all the cases, the abnormalities were thought to have caused or contributed to the individual's death. The possible mechanisms of this are discussed.     

Pathology of the heart conducting system in the thanatogenesis of sudden death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease

The present literature review is focused on the contribution of various pathological changes in the heart conducting system to the tanatogenesis of sudden death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease viewed from the perspective of a forensic medical expert. The currently available data on the disorders in the heart conducting system in the subjects with these diseases are presented. Various aspects of pathology of the heart conducting system are considered in the modern and historical contexts. The prospects for the further investigations into the tanatogenic mechanisms of sudden death by reason of alcoholic cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease are outlined.