企业-政府互动依赖关系与企业政治行为

随着现代商业体系的不断发展,企业在政治上的成功与在市场上的成功同样重要,于是企业政治行为就逐渐成为了企业战略的重要组成部分。通过对西方企业政府关系和企业政治行为的相关理论的回溯和总结,在分析企业与政府之间的互动依赖关系之上,将企业政治行为与企业战略相联系,讨论了在激烈的竞争环境下政府管制和公共政策对企业的影响,认为企业要合理地实施政治行为,可以根据自身不同的资源状态和个体独特优势状态,在个体独立策略、集体性策略和混合策略中进行平衡和选择。最后指出,我国的企业政治行为研究需要在学习借鉴西方理论的基础上,结合自身特殊的国情,从研究内容、研究方法等各个方面进一步进行拓展和创新。     

资源节约与环境保护微观研究的前沿之作——《消费者资源节约与环境保护行为及其影响机理》评介

加强对消费者行为的引导和管制,促进消费者转向资源节约与环境保护行为当前一个亟待解决的重要问题.在这一现实背景下,通过大样本问卷调查,对消费者资源节约与环境保护行为的深层次影响因素及其影响机理进行探索,为政府引导消费者实行资源节约型与环境保护型消费提供理论借鉴和实证资料.     

政府自利性假说与现实研究:从"经济人"假设出发

公共选择学派将"经济人"假设运用到政治学研究中.理论上,政府自利性假说是对"经济人"假设的发展.政府自利性行为在现实政治实践中大量存在,这与符合人自利性的行为广泛的存在一样是不容忽视的.从"经济人"假设出发对政府自利性假说与现实的研究,有利于深化对公共选择学派的认识,有利于政府建设.     

合肥市出租车市场管制效应及其成因解析——基于转轨国家政府俘获理论的一个解释途径

出租车市场采用何种模式与政府的管制政策关系密切.不同的管制政策产生不同的经营模式,而不同的经营模式带来的后果迥异.其中,因为采用"北京模式"的城市经常发生群体性事件而备受争议,对因管制政策而引起的诸多矛盾和问题学者们更多从利益集团理论进行解释.但作者并不完全认同这种解释.以合肥市出租车市场作为"北京模式"的代表进行分析,通过运用对司机成本和收入的调查所得出的数据以及运用福利经济学理论分析了三大管制政策带来的效应,尤其是进入资格限制和强制挂靠这一管制政策所导致的司机利益向出租车公司的强制转移,然后以转轨国家的政府俘获理论为研究基础,从制度环境、管制政策的不合法和不合理性、出租车公司管理职能的虚置、出租车公司和政府部门之间存在利益链条等方面来论证得出合肥市出租车市场存在政府俘获问题,进而推出采用"北京模式"的其它城市的出租车市场也可能存在政府俘获问题.     

信用、市场机制与政府--基于三维互动的信用制度分析

信用机制伴随着市场机制的不断发展而日益发达,信用机制的强化对市场规模的扩大和深化具有不可低估的作用.政府政策的动态一致性--稳定连续的政策和制度环境能衍生出理性人行为选择的最优决策路径.导致政府政策动态不一致的原因在于上下级政府之间的委托代理机制出现偏离.     

住房补贴政策的经济学分析

解决住房问题关键是要理顺政府和市场的关系,主要有完全自发的市场均衡、完全的政府管制、市场自发决定后的政府管制、政府间接调控下的住房市场均衡等几种方式.住房政策在广义上是以三方面影响住房的供求和产出市场:影响需求主体,刺激供给主体,实行价格管制.在选择和制定住房补贴政策时,应在评价其适用性与局限性的基础上,以"效率第一,兼顾公平"为指导,充分发挥市场机制调节住房供求的作用.     

民营经济发展与政府管制改革

政府管制方式的变革为我国民营经济的迅速发展提供了重要保障.但同时由于这一变革的不深入,存在一系列的问题:不规范的政府管理体制,单一、强制性的管制手段,不确定的管制政策,不公平的竞争条件和不完整的社会服务体系等,这些问题已经成为阻碍民营经济进一步发展的壁垒.只有在创新政府管制机制的总体思路下,从建立、健全管制法规、改革政府管制体制、创新管制工具、努力营造公平的市场竞争环境等几方面入手,重构政府管制体系,有针对性地解决这些问题,才能进一步拓展民营经济的发展空间.     

城市经济聚散均衡与政府行为创新

城市化进程的内部运行机制是通过微观主体追求比较利益、互补利益和选择利益,重新配置资源和经济要素,使经济不断地处于聚集和扩散的动态均衡。这种动态均衡的内在机理在于聚集要素内部之间和扩散要素内部之间要保持局部均衡,同时,聚集要素与扩散要素之间要保持一般均衡。因此,政府行为是积极创造条件,清除各种障碍,保证经济聚散均衡机制的充分运行,顺利推进城市化进程。     

政府行为"偏离"假设的探讨

现实的政府在运转过程中会出现一些"偏离"制度和法律规定的行为和状态,仅仅研究法理上的政府很难客观解释和评价这些现象。政府过程的研究视角可以对政府作动态的考察,在理论上提出"偏离"假设有助于我们更好的分析现实中政府的行为,从而有机的连接了政府学说的理论与实践。政府行为中的"偏离"不完全是一种应该否定的现象,某些政府行为与法律制度的差别也许正是制度创新的起点,在这个意义上,实践与规定是一个双向激励的过程,它们在动态平衡中保持着我们政治体系的活力,激发着政治的创造力。     

管制政策的变迁:一种回溯性政策分析

管制政策的兴起主要源于市场失灵,管制领域主要体现在经济性管制领域。随着经济性管制的效率和效益受到批判,经济性管制开始放松,社会性管制逐渐兴起。社会性管制政策理论基石是公共物品、内部性和外部性等理论。但社会性管制政策也面临着诸如管制标准的制定、委托代理机制等困境。治理理论为管制开辟了新的思路:通过采用市场、政府官僚体系以及市民社会所组成的政策网络系统的合作共治来解决社会性管制存在的问题。     

Disentangling governance: a synoptic view of regulation by government, business and civil society

Governance became a catch-all concept for various forms of steering by state and non-state actors. While it pays tribute to the complexities of steering in poly-centred, globalised societies, its fuzziness makes it difficult to oversee who actually steers whom and with what means. By focussing mainly on actor constellations, the article disentangles governance into seven basic types of regulation, four of them representing public policies with varying degrees of government involvement and three depending solely on civil society (civil regulation), on businesses (industry or business self-regulation) or on both (civil co-regulation). Although each of the seven types is well known and extensively researched, they are rarely joined in a synoptic view, making it difficult to grasp the totality of contemporary governance. After introducing the seven basic types of regulation and co-regulation, the article addresses the interactions between them and it adds the widely used concepts of hybrid regulation and meta-governance in distinct ways. The synoptic view provided here helps to comprehend how governmental deregulation has been accompanied by soft governmental regulation as well as “societal re-regulation”. The concluding discussion emphasises that this “regulatory reconfiguration” is the cumulative product of countless, more or less spontaneous initiatives that coincide with forceful global trends. It also stresses that the various forms of regulation by civil society and business actors are not simply alternatives or complements to but often key prerequisites for effective public policies. Although the essentials of the typology developed here can be applied universally to a variety of policy issues, I focus it on how businesses are steered towards sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility.     

The Evolution of the Theoretical Foundations of Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in Public Policy

Punctuated equilibrium theory in public policy replicated from biological punctuated equilibrium theory has concluded that public policies alternate between stasis and punctuation. However, recent research on Pacific Northwest forest policy, U.S. state tobacco policy, and U.S federal auto efficiency policy have found no punctuations despite an attempt to do so. What is the efficacy of using biological punctuated equilibrium theory to also explain punctuated equilibrium in public policy? Significant differences exist between biological and public policy punctuated equilibrium theory including time frames for change, what constitutes outside disturbances of equilibrium, venues of punctuated equilibrium, levels of analysis for change, and patterns of change. Most policy research on punctuation has focused on the “tone” of media coverage related to change. Some recent studies concluding no punctuation occurred have focused on government action or inaction. Proving strong inference in scientific research requires a clear and viable syllogism linked to appropriate methodology. Both of these crucial elements are now in question in punctuated equilibrium research in public policy.     

Decay and Reconstruction In the Study of American Intergovernmental Relations

Current criticism of the performance of American governmentsis often organized around an emergent theory of intergovernmentaldecay, which contains propositions about government size, accountability,control, capacity and achievement among its central assertions.Recent evidence of American governmental performance is usedto appraise the decay theory, leading to the conclusion thatthe evidence offers little support for its major assertions.An alternative approach is then sketched out, based on the structuralconcept of "organizational interest" and the inherent dynamismof a system in which every governmental unit is always partof the relevant political environment of at least one otherunit. These considerations lead to a somewhat different assessmentof the "problems" facing American governments as well as analternative way of conceptualizing their activities.     

From support to pressure: The dynamics of social and governmental influences on environmental law enforcement in Guangzhou City,China

This paper examines how changes in governmental and social influences affect environmental enforcement in Guangzhou city, China, between 2000 and 2006. The paper finds that a form of “decentered regulation” has developed. Regulatory enforcement is no longer the sole affair of the government and the regulatory bureaucracy, but has been increasingly influenced by societal forces. The transformation over time shows the promises and limits of decentered regulation in Guangzhou's dynamic authoritarian setting. Analyzing a set of longitudinal survey data and qualitative interviews, the paper finds that by 2006, the rise of civil society and its increased support for protecting the environment had a double‐edged impact on the enforcement of environmental regulations. The paper demonstrates that on the one hand, by 2006, when government support for enforcement was low, societal forces developed an ability to counterbalance such lack of governmental support and positively influence enforcement. However, it also shows that when government support was high, a concurrent rise in societal support created a negative effect on enforcement. Thus too much societal support can become an enforcement burden.     

POLITICS AND REGULATION: THE PUBLIC CHOICE APPROACH

Abstract: Government regulation of the economy has been the subject of criticism both on the grounds of efficiency and equity. Traditional economic theories explaining regulation may be deficient insofar as they assume a benevolent welfare maximizing government, intervening only to correct "market failures". Political theories of interest group influence (for example pluralist, capture, Marxist theories) provide some more realistic insights into regulation, but fail to yield rigorous, testable propositions. The theory of public choice applies the rigour of economic analysis to political behaviour and suggests some useful approaches to the explanation of regulation, focusing on the public goods problem of organizing large groups of actors for collective action and on the role of the political entrepreneur in mobilizing large numbers of voters. The public choice approach may also be useful in suggesting strategies for deregulation in some key areas of the Australian economy currently under scrutiny (for example banking, airlines, telecommunications).     

The effects of administrative linkages on implementation: Welfare policy in Israel

This article focuses on the interaction between local-national relations and the implementation of welfare policy in Israel. It studies the administrative linkages between different levels of governmental jurisdictions involved in the implementing of certain policies of the Ministry of Welfare. It seeks to understand their impact on the original goals and programs of the national government and on actual services provided at the municipal level. These linkages include the arrangements for provision, funding, employment, regulations, and inspection. Without denying the importance of other explanations, the article emphasizes the significance of administrative linkages for understanding welfare policy and practices. In effect, the present study evaluates the extent to which the administrative linkages enable the national government to implement its policies on the one hand, and local authorities to influence national policies and programs on the other.The findings and analysis of administrative linkages suggest four conclusions. First contrary to Government policy the welfare system involving the Ministry, local municipalities and their agencies, is very inegalitarian; services are neither uniform nor adjusted to need. Second, the administrative linkages maximize local output and undermine the ability of the Ministry to implement its policies. Third, it is questionable whether the Israeli government can use its present Welfare Ministry to cope with major aspects of the problem. Fourth, it appears that the operations of the Israeli Welfare Ministry system are more similar to the federal than unitary model.     

社会福利指数、政府支出规模及其结构优化

政府支出规模及其结构优化应以提高社会福利水平而不是以经济增长为其最终目标。构建了政府支出与消费、社会福利之间的理论分析模型,利用优化控制理论与方法,从理论上论证了在最大社会福利的基础上存在最优政府支出规模与支出结构安排,设计了衡量社会福利水平的新指标,并以此指标为基础,利用中国1982年—2005年的年度数据,对政府支出规模及其结构优化进行计量分析。其基本结论是:我国政府支出规模及其各种单项支出与社会福利指数之间存在较强的相关性,为满足我国不断增加的公共服务需求,应增加政府支出规模,优化政府支出的内部结构体系,即适度提高中央政府支出在政府总支出中所占的比重,减少投资性支出和行政管理支出,增加以教育、公共卫生、公共安全、社会保障为主体的公共服务性支出,以促进我国社会福利水平的提高。     

Government-Sponsored Enterprises: Reality Catches Up to Public Administration Theory

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are insolvent and in government hands. Political forces led many lawmakers to neglect warnings from public administration academics and practitioners about the vulnerabilities of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Private ownership combined with government backing let the two companies dominate their markets and the political process. GSEs successfully resisted bank-type regulation and capital requirements. The options now include restoring the two GSEs in some form, transforming them into temporary or longer-term wholly owned government corporations, or simply ending them. This article discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each option. Again, the public administration literature provides useful suggestions about organizational alternatives.     

Trust,regulation, and redistribution why some governments overregulate and under-redistribute

For many social scientists, government intervention is linked to low levels of social trust and corruption, while others associate it with high trust and low corruption. We aim to reconcile these contrasting views by distinguishing the opposing effects of trust on two alternative types of government intervention: regulation and redistribution. We argue that distrusting individuals demand more governmental regulation (H1) but less government redistribution (H2), and this could be one of the mechanisms explaining why countries with low levels of trust tend to both overregulate and under-redistribute. And the effects of trust on policy preferences are conditional on the quality of institutions. The higher the level of quality of government in a particular region, the more high-trusting individuals will like government redistribution and dislike government regulation that restricts the operations of free markets (H3). We test these hypotheses with data from the latest round of the European Quality of Government Index (EQI) survey, which covers 77,000 individuals from 185 regions of 21 EU member states.     

Urban Pressures and Innovations: Sustainability Commitment in the Face of Fragmentation and Inequality

Local government innovations occur within environments characterized by high service‐need complexity and risk. The question of how broader environmental conditions influence governmental willingness or ability to innovate has been a long‐standing concern within organizational, management, and policy scholarship. Although wealth and education are robust predictors of the propensity to engage in a wide range of local sustainability activities, the linkages among governmental fragmentation, social inequality, and sustainability policies are not well understood. This study focuses on the conditions both within and across city boundaries in urban regions which inhibit adoption of sustainable development innovations. We utilize a Bayesian item response theory approach to create a new scale measuring sustainability commitment by local governments in the United States. The analysis finds service‐need complexity and capacity within local governments' organizational task environments have nonlinear influences on innovation in terms of both green building and social inclusion policy tools.