完善城乡低保制度推进城乡低保统筹

城乡居民最低生活保障制度是我国社会保障体系建设的三大重点之一。回顾我国低保制度建立20年的艰难历程，它为我国改革开放和社会稳定作出了巨大贡献。但是，在具体实施过程中也出现了一些新情况、新问题。当前，统筹城乡居民最低生活保障制度，不失时机的对现行制度及体制机制进行不断完善是非常必要的。     

我国农村低保制度的现状、问题及对策

我国农村的最低生活保障制度，是国家和社会为保障收入难以维持其最基本生活的农村贫困人口，建立的一种新型的社会救助制度。在农村社会保障体系中，与只是针对部分困难户、五保户以及受灾群众的传统救助相比，农村最低生活保障制度起到了“兜底”的作用。这一制度有了明确的保障线标准，避免了过去有钱多救助、无钱少救助的随意性，扩大了保障对象的覆盖面，提高了保障标准，及时有效地保障了农民的基本生活权益，     

农村养老保障体系的支撑条件分析

农村养老保险制度和最低生活保障制度是农村养老保障体系中的基本组成部分。目前,我国农村养老保险制度和农村最低生活保障制度的基本支撑条件都已基本具备,但仍存在主、客观两方面的制约。     

建立城乡一体化最低生活保障制度的路径选择

最低生活保障制度在我国经济转型和体制改革的过程中应运而生,它既是对传统社会救济制度的发展与补充,也成为我国当前以及今后较长时期内进行扶贫减贫的制度保障.然而,随着低保制度全面普及工作的开展,城乡之间的制度差异日益凸显,严重制约了该制度的保障效果.为此,要建立以完善农村低保制度为重点的城乡一体化最低生活保障制度:准确定位救助理念、强化管理制度;实行阶梯模式救助和差异性资金筹集;建立专业化的管理岗位和人才队伍,绩效与监管并重.     

城市最低生活保障家庭收入和财产调查的状况、问题及对策

通过运用民政部在全国九城市进行的"规范城市最低生活保障制度"的调查数据和资料,对基层办保机构调查低保人员收入、财产、隐性就业的方法及效果进行了分析研究;对其在执行低保制度面临的主要障碍进行了梳理评述;对申报对象隐满收入和财产的行为进行了反思;对测评低保家庭收入和财产的指标进行了考察评估。在此基础上,文章对我国现行的城市最低生活保障制度存在的制度性和设计上的缺陷进行了探讨,进而对进一步规范我国城市最低生活保障制度提出了若干对策性建议和思考。     

分级负责与合理负担——我国农村最低生活保障资金筹措方式浅析

农村低保资金问题一直是制约我国农村最低生活保障制度建设的最大障碍.农村低保资金"由该地各级财政和村集体分担"的筹措方式已严重制约了我国农村低保制度的建立.因此,我们在建立农村最低生活保障制度时,必须坚持分级负责、合理负担的原则,从制度上对中央、省、市、县四级财政的责任进行明确规定,为农村低保提供可靠的资金保证.     

论我国农村最低生活保障的筹资机制——基于财政支持力度的分析

农村最低生活保障制度作为社会救助的核心内容之一,对维持农村贫困人口的最基本生活起着重要的作用。而这项制度能否有效运行和发展的关键因素之一是其资金的保障,因而通过分析各级财政补助的支持力度及其成效,才能进一步明确政府责任、落实政府分级分担机制、完善财政转移支付制度等措施,使我国农村最低生活保障制度实现良好发展。     

“两项制度”衔接试点工作应破解四大难题

实现农村最低生活保障制度和扶贫开发制度有效衔接，是完善我国扶贫战略和政策的新举措。做好“两项制度”衔接试点工作，目前，需要破解救济与帮扶、不公正不公平、资金使用效益和工作保降机制等四大难题。     

推进欠发达地区农村最低生活保障制度建设

推进欠发达地区农村最低生活保障制度建设,必须大力发展经济,保证建立农村最低生活保障制度的物质供给;全面落实科学发展观,完善农村最低生活保障制度的规则体系;积极加强政府信任建设,提升欠发达地区农民对最低生活保障制度的主体体验;切实践行村民自治制度,加快农村民主政治体制改革的步伐.     

高筑“三条保障线”

党中央、国务院日前决定，对城镇中低收入居民收入政策进行调整，从今年7月1日起，城镇中低收入居民收入和社会保障“三条线”水平将有大幅提高。这既是加大实施积极财政政策力度的重要内容，又是我国高筑“三条保障线”的重大举措。据了解，今年年底我国城镇居民最低生活保障制度将基本确立，有中国特色的社会保障体系远景框架已初见端倪。有关专家指出，目前社会保障“三条线”中的“城镇居民最低生活保障制度”将是我国未来社会保障的长远之计，并希来通过此项制度的逐步成熟规范，构成我国整个社会保障远景体系的主体。它将与养老、医疗…     

农村低保：新式乡村治理手段

农村最低生活保障制度的实施旨在保障农村贫困群众维持最低生活水平,它有利于缩小城乡差距和维护社会公正,然而这项重要制度却在具体的实施过程中转换成为乡村干部对乡村秩序进行规范与整合的治理手段。     

Prison labor markets: The supply issue

Putting prisoners to work has widespread appeal, but the nature of prison labor markets suggests that prisoners may have little incentive to work. The inmate population exhibits sociodemographic and psychological characteristics that correlate highly with labor market difficulties. Moreover, work incentives are bounded by both a guaranteed minimum standard of living and severe restrictions on the uses of earnings; prison is essentially a ration regime The impact of these institutional arrangements also depends upon the duration of the prisoner's remaining sentence and expected remaining lifetime. Unfortunately, there is little evidence bearing on these concerns, and experimental analysis is proposed.     

中国城市居民最低生活保障标准的相关分析

本对各地保障标准进行了横向地区比较和纵向变化比较，指出现行城市居民最低生活保障公布标准整体伯低，难以有效保障居民的基本生活需求。在保障标准的执行过程中，多数地区采用了变通标准，大多数地区能够按时足额发放低保金，但是很少地区根据家庭情况执行多元化的弹性保障标准。针对目前城市居民最低生活保障标准面临的问题，提出了相应的政策建议。     

The devil may be in the details: how the characteristics of SCHIP programs affect take-up.

In this paper, we explore whether the specific design of a state's program has contributed to its success in meeting two objectives of the Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP): increasing the health insurance coverage of children in lower income families and doing so with a minimum reduction in their private health insurance coverage (crowd-out). In our analysis, we use two years of Current Population Survey data, 2000 and 2001, matched with detailed data on state programs. We focus on two populations: the eligible population of children, broadly defined--those living in families with incomes below 300 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL)--and a narrower group of children, those who we estimate are eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP. Unique state program characteristics in the analysis include whether the state plan covers families; whether the state uses presumptive eligibility; the number of months without private coverage that are required for eligibility; whether there is an asset test; whether a face-to-face interview is required; and specific outreach activities. Our results provide evidence that state program characteristics are significant determinants of program success.     

规则社会化与规则弹性——一项关于政府救助的实证分析

日常社会救助工作中存在着大量规则“软化”和“偏离”现象。本文以江西省农村低保制度为对象，通过结构访谈、问卷调查等方法收集相关数据并运用多元回归方法加以分析，探讨社会救助过程中的规则弹性影响因素及其动力机制问题。研究发现，行政权力、社会关系、信息、地方性认同和人力资本对规则弹性有着深刻影响，它们共同塑造了规则实施弹性的多样化形态：上级政府的向下分权、组织社会关系对规则弹性有正向影响，行政集权则相反；而多元化信息途径、地方性认同和人力资本对规则内容弹性、规则形式弹性有着差异化的影响。结果表明，与合法性一地方性认同机制对规则弹性的解释作用相比，效率一权力和网络一信任机制更为突出。我国社会救助尤其是农村社会救助工作的定量研究并不多见。因此。本文的研究方法和研究结论为当前我国社会救助工作的规范化运作提供了新的分析视角和参考依据。     

Social policy implications of the minimum wage law

Poverty and unemployment are two critical issues facing the United States today. Linked to both of these is the federal minimum wage law. Established under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, the purpose of the law was—and still is—to eliminate, as rapidly as possible, labor conditions thought to be harmful to the “health, efficiency, and general well-being of workers ... without substantially curtailing employment or earning power.”¹ In other words, to eliminate low wages without eliminating jobs. This is a laudable goal, with which no one is likely to disagree. The question remains as to how effective the law has been in achieving this goal. Has it eliminated poverty? Or has it, to the contrary, had effects detrimental to those the law was designed to help? It is the contention here that the minimum wage law has played a significant role in causing unemployment among the most disadvantaged groups, including blacks, teenagers, unskilled workers, and people living in economically depressed regions. It is therefore proposed that further increases in the minimum wage be blocked and that the rate and coverage be held at the present level.     

The minimum wage and the poor: The end of a relationship

The belief that minimum-wage legislation helps the working poor is one reason for its continued popular support. The authors track the household incomes of low-wage workers and find that a radical transformation has occurred in the half century since the passage of the original minimum-wage law. Today most low-wage workers live in households well above the poverty line. Hence, those living in poverty will get only about 11 percent of the gains from the higher minimum-wage increase proposed in the Kennedy-Hawkins Bill. Low-wage workers in families with incomes three or more times the poverty line will get nearly 40 percent. Thus it is not clear that increases in the minimum wage make good policy even if no jobs are lost as a result.     

北京市经济持续增长下的城-近郊人口分布合理性研究

本文利用北京市城区人口密度与近郊区人口密度的比作为反映人口分布的指标，通过对城近郊区人口密度及其变动与经济发展、城市交通、人均居住面积、绿地面积等因素的相关分析，阐明了人口分布变动主要取决于经济发展水平，城市交通、人均居住面积、绿地面积等因素是通过经济变量作用于人口因素，或人口因素通过经济变量作用于其他。最后，本文利用城近郊人口密度梯度与GDP的logistic曲线估计，对人口分布的合理性做进一步的分析。     

Characteristics of Guatemalan migration of the Soconusco region in the State of Chiapas

This paper describes and analyzes the main characteristics identified in seasonal Guatemalan workers who migrate every year to coffee plantations in the Sosonusco region in the state of Chiapas. Stress is placed on the disadvantageous working and living conditions of said population in their original areas of residence, as a necessary referent for understanding the nature and function of seasonal migratory work as a part of a social sector whose living conditions are marked by poverty. The data utilized for the analysis were obtained through a survey carried out in the 1986-1987 harvest season, in which 591 migrants working in 13 ejido or privately-owned productive units in the municipalities of Tapachula and Union Juarez were interviewed.