淘金时代最有名的妓女

19世纪,一个被贩卖到美国西海岸为娼的中国女子,有着嫌短嫌宽的脸型,二寸八的小脚,乌黑庞大的发髻,温顺的眼神——充满了神秘的东方特色。在历史上,她的记载大概只有"旧金山淘金时代最有名的妓女"这样一句话。1995年,严歌苓的小说《扶桑》出版,这个一代名妓有了"扶桑"这样的一个名字。去年,《扶桑》出版20周年时,人民文学出版社重新出版了小说《扶桑》。如今,《扶桑》依旧是严歌苓自己和她的读者最喜爱的作品之一。观看东方的身体1882年,美国国会通过《关于执行有关华人条约诸规定的法律》,即通常所说的1882年美国《排华法     

论谭恩美小说中的母亲形象及母女关系的文化内涵

美国华裔作家谭恩美在小说中选择中国母亲和女儿的故事作为创作题材并成功地塑了中国母亲形象,在很大程度上是她作为华裔作家的中国情结和中国化意识使然。在其小说中,母亲是中国化传统的载体,是历史与记忆的中介,是连接过去与现在的桥梁。中国化传统通过母亲得以延伸,历史和记忆通过母亲得以重建。谭恩美的小说之所以在主题和艺术上具有特的魅力,一个重要的原因就在于其小说中母亲形象的感染力以及母女关系所折射出的深邃的化内涵。     

现代西方国家性犯罪立法的特点与趋向--关于完善我国当前性犯罪立法的一点思考

受女权运动和性革命的影响,现代西方国家性犯罪立法正经历着重要的变革,从而在性犯罪的定位、性犯罪的主体和犯罪对象、"性交"的内涵、犯罪处理机制等方面呈现出新的特点,同时通奸为罪的传统日益弱化,乱伦有罪传统获得保留,对未成年人的权利保护正在加强.面对我国当前性立法落后的现实,我们必须立足中国实际,借鉴西方立法经验,全面完善我国的性犯罪立法.     

破解《达·芬奇密码》

2003年,一部<达·芬奇密码>(The Da Vinci Code)的横空出世让全世界都知道了丹·布朗(Dan Brown)的大名,就如同当年的哈里波特捧红了JK·罗琳.小说从罗浮宫博物馆馆长的神秘死亡开篇,通过对历史、艺术、语言、符号等的另类解读,抽丝剥茧,从而揭示了一个教会所长期掩盖的秘密.小说既有破案文学的紧张惊险,又不乏智力游戏的妙趣横生,因此吸引了无数读者.     

儿童读经就是“蒙以养正”？——与郭齐家先生商榷

郭齐家先生是中国大陆力倡儿童读经的重镇之一,其关于儿童读经的言论在互联网上广泛流传、影响甚大.郭齐家先生倡导儿童读经的言论主要有:中国近百年成功引进和移植了西方教育;儿童读经能够回溯文化源头、传承文化命脉;儿童读经就是最佳的文化刺激和最佳的早期教育;儿童读经就是"蒙以养正";儿童读经能够开发脑力、增强国力;等等.郭齐家先生还对著名的"横渠四句"顶礼膜拜,以支持其儿童读经的主张.其实,黑格尔的"扬弃"理论,尼采的"上帝死了"和他的"重估一切价值"思想,胡塞尔的"回到事实本身"的思考,玛格丽特·米德对人类未来的发展如何处理后喻文明、互喻文明和前喻文明提出的告谕,都不失为我们审视郭齐家先生上述观点的重要理论视角.     

互相撕咬的川康魔鬼——论周文小说中的统治者形象

周文青少年时期生活在四川西部的川康一带,并且在川康军阀中从军六年之久。后来,他漂泊到上海从事文学创作便把川康统治者形象写进了小说,比如《烟苗季》、《在白森镇》、《红丸》等。这些小说把居于统治者地位的川康军阀和川康政客生动地呈现在读者面前,读者既能够从小说中感受到川康统治者的凶残和虚伪,又能了解到川康世界的腐败和丑恶。周文笔下的川康统治者形象具有一定的典型性,他们既是川康统治者的代表,也是旧社会统治者的化身。     

中国镍白铜技术发明演变为“德国银”专利的历史考证

通过对欧洲现存专利文本、科学实验及调查研究,证明在19世纪初西方曾利用中国古代冶金技术史上一项重要发明——镍白铜技术发明申请专利并获得保护,随后出现了"德国银"生产的兴起。西方近代史是资本主义萌芽、产生、确立的历史,也是专利制度建立的历史,在这一时期,中国科技、经济却从兴盛走向落后。西方曾经盗用中国技术并申请专利保护,故此应该让人们加强知识产权保护意识,保护自己民族的发明创造。     

对美国限制“形象公开权”的思考

美国"形象公开权"(the right of publicity,又 称"形象权"或"公开权")是指公民对其自身的 姓名、肖像等代表形象的标记进行商业利用的 一种独占权。美国学者认为"形象公开权"属于知识产权 领域;目前我国一些学者经过深入研究"形象公开权"的 性质和内容后,也主张将这一权利划入知识产权,主要理 由是:从范围上看,形象公开权属于《世界知识产权组织     

经济主权在中美WTO裁决执行实践中的应用研究

经济主权是国家主权的重要组成部分,经济全球化的客观现实对经济主权的内涵产生了重大影响.以美国为代表的西方发达国家以经济主权为“藉口”,拖延甚至不执行WTO裁决,中国作为WTO成员中发展中国家的代表,严格执行裁决,在维护本国经济主权的同时,树立负责任的大国形象.本文通过对美国和中国在WTO裁决执行中的实践研究,讨论两国的经济主权现,得出WTO成员既要维护经济主权又要执行裁决的结论.     

儿童中心论：一种教育学与心理学关系的视角

对儿童中心论的发生学分析表明,儿童中心论并不是以抽象的儿童为中心,而是以影响他受教育质量的某些属性为中心.当今,西方儿童中心论的主流是以"认知"为中心.其传统的片面性正在得到弥补;中国当下的儿童中心论实为反儿童中心论的儿童中心论,表现为人性观的泛化论、生物观的还原论和心理观的替代论.基于以上分析,教育观的儿童中心论以儿童的心理能力为中心,其价值诉求是促进具体儿童全面和自由的发展,研究方法论包括理论基础的综合性、方法论的追问、实证的转化和综合以及构建教育观儿童中心论的自我理论,实现教育理论的本土化.     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Monks Who Have Sex: Pārājika Penance in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms

In the study of Buddhism it is commonly accepted that a monk or nun who commits a pārājika offence is permanently and irrevocably expelled from the Buddhist monastic order. This view is based primarily on readings of the Pāli Vinaya. With the exception of the Pāli Vinaya, however, all other extant Buddhist monastic law codes (Dharmaguptaka, Mahāsāṅghika, Mahīśāsaka, Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda) contain detailed provisions for monks and nuns who commit pārājikas but nevertheless wish to remain within the saṅgha. These monastics are not expelled. Rather, they are granted a special status known as the śikṣādattaka. In this paper I explore the rules. concerning pārājika penance and the śikṣādattaka with specific regard to monastic celibacy. Given that five out of six extant law codes recognise this remarkable accommodation to the rule of celibacy, I argue that we must look to Vinayas other than the Pāli Vinaya if we are to arrive at a nuanced and representative view of Indian Buddhist monasticism.

Grant me chastity and continence, but not yet. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.)

     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anyathākhyāti</Emphasis>: A Critique by Appaya Dīkṣita in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parimala</Emphasis>

In this paper, the problem of illusory perception, as approached by the Nyāya and Advaita Vedānta schools of philosophy, is discussed from the standpoint of the Parimala. This seminal work belonging to the Bhāmatī tradition of Advaita Vedānta was composed in the sixteenth century by the polymath Appaya Dīk?ita. In the context of discussing various theories of illusion, Dīk?ita dwells upon the Nyāya theory of anyathākhyāti, and its connection with jñānalak?a?apratyāsatti as a causal factor for perception, and closely examines if such an extraordinary (alaukika) perception is tenable to explain illusory perception. He then proceeds to point out the deficiencies of this model and thereby brings to the fore the anirvacanīyakhyāti of Advaitins as the only theory which stands scrutiny.