Convergence Between Europe and America: The Transition from Industrial to Innovation Policy

Traditionally, the U.S. and Western Europe have chosen different policies to foster commercial innovation. Whereas (federal) government intervention in the U.S. has required strict justifications and has been mainly indirect, most governments on the other side of the Atlantic have played an explicit and more active role in the economy. However, recent developments indicate a convergence between Europe and America, both in type of policy measures and their legitimation. Within a framework of risk profiles and a typology of justifications, we examine several U.S. and European programs (Etzkowitz, 1997). We find that the main reason for convergence in policy agendas and measures seems to be an incorporation of perceived missing links in the innovation systems in response to reciprocal competitive pressures. Hence, the federal government is aiming to play a more direct role in the U.S., while the university sector and technology transfer becomes increasingly integrated in European innovation policies.     

我国反垄断法与产业政策、竞争政策目标

竞争的正常运行需要有法律保障,但成就于国家政策目标的落实与实现。我国反垄断法在制定过程中,应将产业政策和竞争政策主要体现于反垄断法的适用范围、规制对象和执法机构这三个问题上。     

产业政策法初论

产业政策是市场经济条件下政府宏观经济调控政策的重要方面 ,产业政策法是产业政策的法律化。产业政策法具有政策性、社会本位性和综合性等特征 ,是宏观调控法的重要组成部分 ,其体系主要由产业结构政策法、产业组织政策法、产业技术政策法和产业布局政策法等构成。在“入世”、知识经济和可持续发展的背景下 ,我国以市场经济为基础的产业政策及产业政策法需要得到进一步的发展和完善     

中国区域产业协同发展与《区域产业结构调控法》的制定

区域产业结构趋同是我国区域经济发展中的一个重要问题。这种趋同的根本原因是区域主导产业的选择和布局不是建立在资源禀赋和比较优势上,而是基于地方政府和官员的价值目标和地方利益。区域产业结构的同化,一方面使得各区域产业缺乏规模效益,加剧市场的恶性竞争,另一方面又使得本已匮乏的资源进一步恶化,激化了人与资源的矛盾,阻碍了我国经济进一步协调发展。中央政府先后出台了一系列产业调控与协调发展的政策,旨在扭转失衡的区域产业结构,但效果并不明显。本文分析了我国区域产业结构趋同的深层次原因,认为要从根本上解决这一问题,不仅要制定一系列调控区域产业结构的政策,更应适时地使一部分成熟的政策上升为法律,并在对我国区域产业实证分析的基础上,就制定《区域产业结构调控法》的重要性、调整对象、基本原则、主要内容提出了看法。     

创新国策与法制建设——中国科学技术法学会2010年上海年会学术讨论综述

中国科学技术法学会第六届会员代表大会暨2010年学术年会以＂创新国策与法制建设＂为主题,围绕＂创新政策与科技法制＂、＂产学研合作法制研究＂、＂知识产权战略＂、＂知识产权法学研究＂、＂新时期科技法学学科建设与人才培养＂等问题进行了广泛讨论,对促进科技法制建设、深入科技法学研究起到了积极推动作用。     

Innovation, Policy Strategies and Law

The paper considers how implementation strategies for the promotion of innovation implicate the forms of law in Western economies. Pursuing the example of computer software production, it traces the tension in the form of the law between liberalism and corporatism, property and administration, and rule and discretion. It examines developments in the law relating to copyright, proprietary information, trade practices, foreign investment, and government sponsorship and enterprise.     

Commentary: Innovation Policy for a New Era

This commentary offers a response to the Sonderholm, Bird, and Flynn et al. articles, and argues that the current innovation crisis requires more ambitious approaches, as well as a serious consideration of alternative mechanisms for R&D such as prizes.     

The Publius Paradox

At the Philadelphia convention assembled to draft a new Constitution, Alexander Hamilton argued ‘[e]stablish a weak government and you must at times overleap the bounds. Rome was obliged to create dictators’. Publius then expands upon this argument in several ways in the Federalist. I suggest that Publius identifies a dynamic or mechanism, the ‘Publius Paradox’, that warrants great attention: under particular conditions, excessive weakness of government may become excessive strength. If the bonds of constitutionalism are drawn too tightly, they will be thrown off altogether when circumstances warrant. After illustrating and then analysing this ‘Publius Paradox’, I turn briefly to its implications, the main one being that constitutional law should be cast as a loosely‐fitting garment – particularly the executive component of the constitution and the scope of executive powers.     

SMEs in Regional Innovation Systems and The Role of Innovation Support--The Case of Upper Austria

In the past large firms were regarded as the main driving forces for innovation, but, more recently, the interest has shifted to SMEs as well as networks of firms. It has been recognized that SMEs innovate in a specific way and that they face size-specific barriers. To be able to rely on innovation partners and to be involved in regional or national innovation systems seems to be of critical importance for SMEs. This paper presents the empirical results of a firm survey in Upper Austria, a region with a long industrial tradition in Austria, investigating the extent to which SMEs are actually engaged in innovation networks and the role of public innovation support in this context. The findings show that SMEs which have received innovation support are more successful innovators than those which have not, and that innovation cooperations are rather rare. Most external relations are with other firms and within the region, very few with knowledge providers from science and technology. At present, innovation support instruments do not sufficiently target the deficits of non-innovative SMEs and the problems in linking up with innovation networks and broadening firms' relations beyond the region.     

Direct Concern in Regional Policy: The European Court of Justice and the Southern Question

For a few years, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has declared inadmissible, for lack of direct concern, a number of annulment actions initiated by sub‐state actors in the context of regional policy. This article compares the ECJ's holdings with the General Court's more generous application of the ‘direct concern’ standard in some of the same disputes, and argues in favour of the General Court's approach. The cases hereby analysed pertain to the implementation of structural funds in Southern Italy. Relating regional policy to the historical unfolding of the ‘Southern Question’, this article examines the unexpected opportunity for civic and administrative renewal brought by regional policy to Italy's South in the late 1990s, and links standing for sub‐state actors to the long‐term realisation of that opportunity. It further argues that a more direct judicial involvement with territorial policies would prompt taxonomic renewal in EU law as a discipline.     

European Regional Policy and Backward Regions: Implications Towards EU Enlargement

In this paper we show that the success of the EU Regional Policy, in terms of boosting growth in objective 1 regions, will mean a big opportunity for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and hence the increases in competition arising from an enlarged European market combined with a suitable regional development policy should in the future boost the growth of those countries. In the last part of the paper we made a simulation for the funding envelope from 2007, based on the 2000–2006 budget. We show that the figures of the Agenda 2000 provide enough financial support for 90% of the total CEEC population and for 75% of current objective 1 population.     

普法的悖论

"普法"概念深处隐含难以消解的悖论,主要表现为"意志"的悖论、"目的"的悖论和"知识"的悖论。意志悖论使法律扭曲为少数人的意志,目的悖论使法律堕入功利主义泥潭,知识悖论无视法的论辩结构,也无助于培育公民的政治正义观念。普法实质上是功利主义和中国传统法家的"杰作",阻碍了法治的长远发展。     

解读专利制度的产业政策蕴含

在静态层面,专利制度的规定直接或间接地表述了其产业政策目的,反映了产业界利益诉求;在动态层面,专利制度的运用落实了产业政策目标,起到了和产业发展互动的效果.这充分展示了专利制度中丰富的产业政策蕴含,成为理解专利制度的一条主线.     

The Paradox of Blackmail

Abstract. The author questions himself about what is known as "the paradox of blackmail," that is, the fact that blackmail is the result of the combination of two ways of behaving which are often both lawful if taken individually, but unlawful once they are connected. The author also examines whether the harm principle typical of liberal orders provides the justification (the rationale) for the assumption of blackmail as a crime, or whether it is instead necessary to turn to another justificatory basis: the exploitation principle. However, as this principle leads to legal moralism, it opposes a liberal ethics. Thus, one is faced with the dilemma of either accepting the harm principle thus decriminalizing blackmail, or accepting the exploitation principle and going against principles of liberalism. To escape this dilemma the author distinguishes between various types (five categories) of blackmail, concluding that only non-paradoxical types fit the common-sense expectation of criminalization.     

Local Government Finance and Industrial Policy in China

The paper considers the way in which the system of local government finance in China affects the design of local industrial policy. It starts by using recently collected data from selected cities to demonstrate the importance of indirect taxes for financing local services. It then presents a theoretical model which shows how the financing system can lead local governments to distort local industrial structure. Finally, it uses this model to consider whether the 1994 tax reforms can be expected to reduce these distortions.     

邓小平的政策创新思想

邓小平关于政策创新的一系列论述是其政策思想的重要组成部分.对"什么叫社会主义"的新认识是政策创新的理论基础;对"怎样建设社会主义"的新探索是政策创新的逻辑前提;"建设具有中国特色社会主义"的新任务是政策创新的现实要求;"三个有利于"的新标准是政策创新的价值取向.邓小平政策创新的实现途径包括:(1)解放思想、更新观念是政策创新的前提条件;(2)立足实际、实事求是是政策创新的基本原则;(3)大胆地闯、及时总结是政策创新的关键所在;(4)加强学习、提高素质是政策创新的重要措施.     

产业政策法若干问题研究

产业政策法是宏观经济法律的重要组成部分 ,它由产业结构政策法和产业组织政策法构成。产业政策法以间接诱导手段、直接管制手段和行政信息指导手段作为保障措施。     

区域合作模式创新的地方经验——以粤澳区域警务合作模式为对象的研究

随着区域间的界限和范围的淡化,以及政治、经济、社会和文化生活的交互影响,区域化作为当今世界政治经济发展过程中的重要体制特征,持续影响并推动着上至国家下至地方的秩序及治理方式构建。区域化相对于全球化或整体(中央)而言本身便是地方化或区域主义的问题,其研究的价值正在于通过区域各成员间为合作而进行的包括创建公共机构、塑造公共权威以及制定管理规则等方式提供维持秩序和地方治理的经验。在粤澳合作开发横琴和粤港澳一体化的背景下,粤澳警务合作在跨法域区域合作领域的具体制度中多有创新,其地方经验可以为当前方兴未艾的区域合作提供借鉴。