英国马克思主义意识形态理论释义

意识形态是现代性批判理论的重要主题之一,也是一个盛久不衰的学术热点问题。英国马克思主义将文化问题与意识形态问题内在地整合起来,在考察与分析意识形态内涵的过程中凸显其文化维度,认为意识形态是现代文化的核心内涵,现代文化载体成为意识形态生产的重要工具,现代意识形态批判的方向即反抗资本主义文化霸权,争取人类的解放。英国马克思主义关于意识形态理论的阐释与建构对于丰富和深化意识形态理论具有重要的意义,但因其忽视对经济维度的考察并在某种程度上违背历史唯物主义的一些基本原理,导致该理论批判力度的软弱化。     

论新时期加强高校马克思主义意识形态的教育和建设

在新的历史时期,由于西方非主流意识形态的强劲渗透、我国社会转型的深刻影响以及大众文化世俗功利性的负面影响,大学生中存在着淡化马克思主义主流意识形态的倾向。加强高校马克思主义意识形态教育和建设,必须加强马克思主义理论学科建设和阵地建设,切实加强党对高校意识形态工作的领导。     

论西方资产阶级人权理论的历史发展

<正> 人权问题是当前国际社会在意识形态领域及政治战线上斗争的焦点之一。近年来西方资产阶级代表人物以"人权卫士"自居,对其他发展中国家的所谓人权状况进行攻击和污蔑,妄图利用人权问题对社会主义国家进行和平演变,颠覆、瓦解社会主义制度。在这种情况下,从理论和实践两个方面彻底揭露和批判资产阶级人权观点则成为了马克思主义理论工作者的长期战略任务。     

西方马克思主义法学的源流、方法与价值

自奥地利马克思主义者卡尔.伦纳的《私法制度及其社会功能》在20世纪初出版以来,西方马克思主义法学不仅成果颇丰,其研究中心也经历了从欧陆到英美的转变。西方马克思主义法学在方法论和认识论方面呈现出丰富多彩的多元化状态,众多流派的学者从批判的、概念分析的、自然主义的、社会理论的、结构主义的、女权主义的视角对马克思主义法律理论做出了新的解读。探索和思考西方马克思主义法学,可以拓宽马克思主义法律理论的研究向度,促进我国马克思主义法学理论与西方马克思主义法学的沟通与交流,并对西方马克思主义法学中尊重历史的文化遗产与理论成果加以吸收和借鉴。     

马克思主义话语权考辨及其实践路向

马克思主义话语权命题清晰标注着坚持和发展当代中国马克思主义的使命与任务。话语权的理论谱系涉及不同的概念与范畴。它在词源学和修辞学领域具有较高的辨识度,在哲学和文化评论领域有着特定的研究取向,在意识形态批判视界内衍生出否定辩证法,在西方马克思主义论域已经呈现极化效应。问题导向是构建马克思主义话语权的关键,如何认清起点问题、阐释本质内涵、把握实践价值、拓展外部空间,关键在于贯通马克思主义话语权的逻辑链条,牢固确立马克思主义的历史地位和当代价值。构建马克思主义话语权要致力于推动马克思主义与中国特色社会主义从思想体系向实践形态转化,澄清思想误区和实践难题,捍卫马克思主义的指导地位;正视外部威胁和不利局面,树立马克思主义的优良学风;抓住关键领域和关键环节,形成宣传思想工作强大合力。     

论西方马克思主义法学的基本特征与现实价值

西方马克思主义是指除了经典马克思主义和列宁主义之外的马克思主义。其特征是:在形式上,它是多线索、多形态展开的理论形态;在内容上,它既批判资本主义制度,也批判传统的社会主义制度;在方法论上,它突出了其法学理论的非无产阶级的主体性倾向。从总体上看,它可以分为以下四个时期:思想准备时期(19世纪末——20世纪20年代);创立时期(20世纪20年代——30年代);发展时期(20世纪30年代——70年代);“多元化”时期(20世纪80年代至今)。它具有重要的理论意义:扩大了马克思主义法学研究的视域;丰富了马克思主义法学的理论资源;有助于坚持和发展马克思主义法学的理论宝库。     

哈贝马斯法律合法性思想与西方马克思主义传统之关联

哈贝马斯《在事实与规范之间》一书的核心论题是要解决现代社会法律的合法性问题。哈贝马斯法律合法性思想继承并发展了西方马克思主义传统,主要表现在：发展了西方马克思主义“强制与同意”论题;扬弃了法兰克福学派实证主义批判传统;重构了西方马克思主义理性观。     

战后西方法哲学的发展和一般特征

在西方资产阶级国家，法哲学（法理学）是理论法学的主干。第二次世界大战以来，西方法哲学进入了一个重要的发展阶段。比较系统而又准确地介绍战后西方法哲学，以马克思主义为指导进行实事求是的分析、比较和批判，既排污，又借鉴，对于在我国建立具有中国特色和世界水平的马克思主义理论法学有着重要的意义。     

马克思主义意识形态理论的新发展

马克思主义意识形态理论是我国新时期社会主义意识形态建设的根本指针,它统领着中国特色社会主义发展的方向和目标.科学发展观是马克思主义中国化的新成果,是马克思主义意识形态理论在当代中国的崭新创造.科学发展观初步形成了我国社会主义意识形态理论的新体系,呈现出传承性与创新性相统一、系统性与协调性相衔接、层次性与开放性相关照、人民性与统领性相结合等鲜明特点,是马克思主义意识形态理论和我国社会主流意识形态的新发展.     

马克思主义法学创立过程的三部曲

以唯物史观为理论基础的马克思主义法学的诞生是法学发展史上的伟大变革.马克思主义法学是由马克思、恩格斯两人共同创立的,其创立过程经历了以下三部曲:《黑格尔法哲学批判》是马克思主义法学的发源地,《德意志意识形态》是马克思主义法学的奠基之作,《共产党宣言》是马克思主义法学成熟的标志.追根溯源,研究和厘清马克思主义法学创立的过程,对于发展马克思主义法学、马克思主义法学的中国化以及指导我国社会主义法治实践都具有重要的意义.     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anyathākhyāti</Emphasis>: A Critique by Appaya Dīkṣita in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parimala</Emphasis>

In this paper, the problem of illusory perception, as approached by the Nyāya and Advaita Vedānta schools of philosophy, is discussed from the standpoint of the Parimala. This seminal work belonging to the Bhāmatī tradition of Advaita Vedānta was composed in the sixteenth century by the polymath Appaya Dīk?ita. In the context of discussing various theories of illusion, Dīk?ita dwells upon the Nyāya theory of anyathākhyāti, and its connection with jñānalak?a?apratyāsatti as a causal factor for perception, and closely examines if such an extraordinary (alaukika) perception is tenable to explain illusory perception. He then proceeds to point out the deficiencies of this model and thereby brings to the fore the anirvacanīyakhyāti of Advaitins as the only theory which stands scrutiny.     

Monks Who Have Sex: Pārājika Penance in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms

In the study of Buddhism it is commonly accepted that a monk or nun who commits a pārājika offence is permanently and irrevocably expelled from the Buddhist monastic order. This view is based primarily on readings of the Pāli Vinaya. With the exception of the Pāli Vinaya, however, all other extant Buddhist monastic law codes (Dharmaguptaka, Mahāsāṅghika, Mahīśāsaka, Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda) contain detailed provisions for monks and nuns who commit pārājikas but nevertheless wish to remain within the saṅgha. These monastics are not expelled. Rather, they are granted a special status known as the śikṣādattaka. In this paper I explore the rules. concerning pārājika penance and the śikṣādattaka with specific regard to monastic celibacy. Given that five out of six extant law codes recognise this remarkable accommodation to the rule of celibacy, I argue that we must look to Vinayas other than the Pāli Vinaya if we are to arrive at a nuanced and representative view of Indian Buddhist monasticism.

Grant me chastity and continence, but not yet. Augustine of Hippo (354–430 C.E.)