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1.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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2.
I take it as obvious that attempts to justify the criminal law must be sensitive to matters of criminalization—to what conduct
is proscribed or permitted. I discuss three additional matters that should be addressed in order to justify the criminal law.
First, we must have a rough idea of what degree of deviation is tolerable between the set of criminal laws we ought to have
and the set we really have. Second, we need information about how the criminal law at any given time and place is administered,
since the law in action is bound to differ radically from the law on the books. Finally, we must have some basis for speculating
what life would be like in the absence of a system of criminal justice—if the state ceased to impose punishments.
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3.
This paper describes the UK’s anti-money laundering and asset recovery laws and the aims and objectives behind the regime
since the introduction of the Proceeds of Crime Act in 2002. It then evaluates the regime in terms of the amount of criminal
assets recovered, its application against organised crime and its impact upon the price of illegal drugs.
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4.
I attempt to describe the several costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable
among moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible
(or criminal).
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5.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
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6.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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7.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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8.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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9.
Seeking a grounding in Buchanan (Cost and choice: an inquiry in economic theory, 1969) subjective theory of opportunity cost,
this paper sets out to fix a notional locus of the law in order to determine the cost of law enforcement. The paper also explores
the impact of unlawful activities on the economy and analyses the evolution of individual criminal activities in collective
criminal organizations such as the mafia.
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10.
This article provides an analysis of the flaws in the Canadian legal system with respect to child rights, in the light of
the three Ps set forth by former Canadian Justice Minister Irwin Cotler (2004–2006): Protection, Prosecution, and Prevention.
Contrary to the general trend of research on “youth” crime which focuses on the visible criminal activities of children and
for which they are readily ascribed the status of “young offenders,” I examine whether the legal system is just as swift in
giving child victims adequate Protection and Prosecution against their assailants. Six specific child victimization contexts
have been identified, which are all characterized by invisibility: in the home, in care, in school and public spaces as well
as by corporations and the criminal justice system. I explore why these victimizations are invisible and what legal protection
is offered to affected children. Finally, I analyse the extent to which a fourth P, that of Participation, can strengthen
the three Ps of Protection, Prosecution and Prevention in fighting crimes committed against children.
The contents of this article reflect the author’s opinions only.
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11.
Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology.
This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the
value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information
received.
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12.
On the basis of prior research findings that employed youth, and especially intensively employed youth, have higher rates
of delinquent behavior and lower academic achievement, scholars have called for limits on the maximum number of hours per
week that teenagers are allowed to work. We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to assess the claim that employment
and work hours are causally related to adolescent problem behavior. We utilize a change model with age-graded child labor
laws governing the number of hours per week allowed during the school year as instrumental variables. We find that these work
laws lead to additional number of hours worked by youth, which then lead to increased high school dropout but decreased delinquency.
Although counterintuitive, this result is consistent with existing evidence about the effect of employment on crime for adults
and the impact of dropout on youth crime.
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13.
Conflicting evidence exists on how criminal propensity moderates deterrent effects, and there is little empirical evidence
on this issue from relatively experienced offenders. This study tested how variation in criminal propensity (operationalized
as “low self-control”) moderates deterrent effects in a sample of convicted offenders in New Jersey’s Intensive Supervision
Program in 1989 and 1990. Offenders’ perceptions of the risks and consequences from violating ISP were associated with whether
they successfully completed ISP. Moreover, lower self-control did not diminish, and if anything, enhanced these deterrent
effects.
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14.
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
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15.
Analyses were conducted to examine the extent of overlap and predictive strength of multiple forms of child maltreatment and
stressors internal and external to the family. Findings suggest a strong association between child maltreatment (physical
and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence) and stressors (family conflict, personal problems of parents,
and external constraints on the family). After controlling for stressors, family socioeconomic status, and child gender, a
general construct of child maltreatment was predictive of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescents. Specific
effects of child physical and sexual abuse were revealed in these longitudinal structural equation model tests.
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16.
Using data from the NLSY97, this paper re-examines the empirical relationship between household economic resources and youth
criminal participation. Previous estimates of this relationship have often suggested this relationship to be quite weak or
even non-existent. However, this analysis suggests that much of the strength of the relationship between household economic
resources and youth criminal participation may be obscured due to non-linearities in this relationship, the fact that this
relationship is isolated to crimes of a serious nature only, and especially because of measurement error with respect to measuring
household economic resources. I show that adjusting for these issues substantially increases the estimated strength of this
relationship. Indeed, the results in this paper show that the differences in serious criminal participation between youth
from households in the upper parts of the income distribution and youth from households in the lower parts of the income distribution
appear to be greater than the difference in serious criminal participation between genders.
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17.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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18.
Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty
is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance
theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also
related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that
the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other,
are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
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19.
The right to request flexible working has been introduced into the UK employment laws against a background of post-fordist
work practices, which already allow for employer rather than employee flexibility. This paper posits the idea that for the
individual employee to benefit from these new rights what is required is the situation of dialogues within the workplace that
take place in an ethical frame that recognises the employee as an individual.
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20.
This paper examines the role of the target-based responsibility system for building upright Party style and clean government
in combating corruption in local China. It argues that the effectiveness of the target-based responsibility system in corruption
control is compromised by a number of implementation hurdles in practice. Based on a close examination of one county, Shaanxi
Province in the northwest China, this study shows that low measurability of the targets, the conflict between anti-corruption
work and other evaluation targets, and the impact of patronage politics account for the implementation failure of the target-based
responsibility system. The fundamental problem lies in that under China’s unified cadre personnel management system, political
will can interfere with the handling of corruption on a case-by-case basis, no matter what kind of anti-corruption mechanism
is employed. Under this context, the adoption of the target-based responsibility system in fighting corruption results in
nothing more than “pouring old wine into new bottles.”
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