农村公共产品供给制度创新与国际经验借鉴——以韩国新村运动为例

现阶段我国农村公共产品供给制度存在供给主体单一,责任不清,决策不合理及资金管理混乱、滥用、挪用等问题。根据我国的现实情况和借鉴韩国新村运动的经验,完善农村公共产品供给的职责范围、需求表达机制、科学决策机制及资金管理制度,是改善我国农村公共产品供给问题的路径选择。     

印度乡村公共品供给机制研究：公共治理的视角

公共品供给是决定农村经济社会发展的关键因素,科学合理的公共品供给制度对于推进农村发展战略至关重要。自由化改革以来,印度政府在公共品供给制度方面进行了一系列积极探索并取得显著成绩。本文拟从公共治理的理论视角出发,结合印度乡村治理的具体实践,对印度乡村公共品供给的制度背景、现状、机制等进行系统分析和研究,以期为我国农村公共品供给制度创新提供有益的借鉴。     

印度南部地区的农村工业化及其经济发展特点评述

论文通过对印度南部地区农村工业经济的发展状况,农村工业化特点以及农民企业分析,较系统地论述了印度南部地区的农村经济发展模式及其特点。     

中国与印度农村非正规金融的比较与启示

本文首先从供需缺口、政策扭曲和制度缺陷出发，比较中印两国农村非正规金融产生和发展的内在根源与外在动因，然后分析非正规金融高速成长所带来的经济绩效和制度效应，以及两国政府对待非正规金融的态度转变与发展趋势。在此基础上，提出了借鉴印度经验教训、完善中国非正规金融发展的政策建议。     

墨西哥和巴西的农村医疗保险制度及其对中国建立农村新型合作医疗制度的几点启示

建立新型农村合作医疗制度是新时期农村卫生工作的重要内容。墨西哥和巴西具有比较完善的农村医疗保险制度 ,值得其他发展中国家借鉴。根据两国农村医疗保险制度的特点 ,本文对中国的农村新型合作医疗制度提出了四点建议 :一是政府要大力支持 ,二是在巩固新型合作医疗制度的基础上逐步实行城乡一体化的医疗保障制度 ,三是扩大合作区域从而提高保障水平 ,四是建立贫困农民医疗救助制度     

印度农村反贫困的经验、教训与启示

印度是一个人口众多的农业大国,独立60年来,印度的农业发展取得了巨大成就,印度农村反贫困工作也取得了巨大进展。然而,其反贫困的绩效却并不十分明显,印度至今仍是世界上贫困人口比例最大的国家,至今仍有三分之一的农村人口生活在日均消费不足一美元的贫困线以下。本文将探讨印度农村反贫困的经验、教训和对我国的启示。     

印度农村潘查亚特制度的历史演变

潘查亚侍(Panchayat)在印度古代称“五老会”,在印度独立以后称“评议会”或“委员会”,它是管理印度农村的一级组织;潘查亚特制度则是印度管理农村的一种制度,它是同印度的乡村自治联系在一起的,有着悠久的历史。随着时代的发展和社会的需要,这种制度不断变化和发展,起着不同的作用。本文不是全面论述潘查亚待制度,只是就其历史演变作些说明,也许对于了解今日印度农村的发展情况有所裨益。一印度的潘查亚特制度是和印度的农村公社制度紧密地联系在一起的。印度历史的重要特     

印度公私合作伙伴关系产生的背景、发展模式及其启示

为了加大公共品供给力度,提升公共品供给效率,满足公众对基础设施、教育、医疗等公共服务的迫切需求,印度高度重视公私合作伙伴关系的重要作用,大力发展公私合作伙伴关系模式。印度的实践在发展中国家一直处于领先地位,其经验受到世界各国的普遍关注,这对中国当前破解经济下行困境、提升公共供给效率、转变政府公共管理职能等具有重要借鉴意义。     

试析印度的城市化对农村减贫的影响

印度是世界第二人口大国,也是一个农业大国。长期以来,由于城市化进程缓慢,印度全国超过半数的人口至今仍然居住在农村。虽然近年来印度的城市化进程有所加快,但由于发展不均衡,已经对印度社会,特别是印度的农村发展造成了巨大影响。在城市化的进程中,印度选择了不同于其他国家的发展道路,使得数以百万计的农村人口到城市寻找就业机会,印度的农村正在变得日益空荡,农业生产受到严重影响。为了改善这种状况,印度政府必须加大对城市和农村基础设施的投入,改善城乡居住环境,增加就业机会,通过加速城市化进程,迅速发展经济,提高居民生活水平,特别是贫民区的生活水平。     

印度农村就业保障政策及对中国的启示

在社会转型过程中，印度农村失业和就业不充分现象日益凸显，成为影响农村经济社会发展的主要难题。为维护农村劳动力的就业权益，印度政府在农村就业保障工作方面做出积极探索和持续努力，综合运用立法、公共就业工程项目、开发职业培训计划等政策工具保障和促进农村劳动力就业，并取得一定成效。我国在解决农村就业问题时，可以借鉴印度的经验和做法，从而促进农村劳动力的充分就业。     

越南农村地区环境问题:现状及解决措施

越南农村地区面临着环境污染问题,越南政府已颁布了多项环境保护政策和措施以有效保护环境和促进农村的可持续发展。这些政策包括:提高人口素质、减少贫困、增加农村基础设施投入、扶助农村和农村家庭经济发展、环境保护,以及保障清洁水供应、提高农村环境卫生质量、修建畜牧业沼气站、建立生态示范村、鼓励新鲜食品生产和采取有效措施应对气候变化等。     

Factors affecting the sustainability of a community water supply project in Kenya

This paper examines how three sustainability factors (water supply, regulatory policy, local management) are affecting the sustainability of a community water supply project in Kenya. Findings show that after 10 years the project is at a threshold of sustainability – it may yet fail. Changing rainfall patterns and additional withdrawals from new projects are threatening available water supply. The community is resisting compliance with water sector reforms including those intended to benefit community-managed projects. Community management deficiencies and a lack of supportive external relationships are impeding project continuity and sustainable local water management.     

Bargaining over local public good provision in nested social dilemmas: A comparative study of variation from South India

In rural India, decentralized government schemes and assembly constituency development programs represent major channels through which local public good provision is realized. This polycentric governance structure confronts local leaders with a distributional conflict, which is nested in a social dilemma situation. Based on a controlled case study approach, we investigate the provision of small-scale infrastructure in three South Indian communities. Apart from roads and drinking water facilities that directly appeal to the residents of a community, local leaders bargain over infrastructure contracts, which serve as patronage resources in interactions with politicians from higher government levels. A comparative game-theoretic analysis of the results suggests that coordination through political party identities has translated into alternative bargaining strategies and hence varying distributional outcomes regarding contracts and local public goods in the communities under review. The study concludes with recommendations for polycentric institutional design.     

农村劳动力转移模式的国际比较及其启示

农村劳动力转移是世界经济社会发展的必经阶段。在英国,农村劳动力转移直接源于工业化,政府干预起助推作用,最终导致农业的衰退;美国的农村劳动力转移与农业发展、工业化、集中式的城市化互为推动;韩国外向型经济政策、劳动密集型为主的企业结构、空间集中的城市发展战略、发达的教育使其成功解决了农村劳动力的转移;印度落后的农业、资本技术密集型工业的发展、滞后的农村教育造就了农村劳动力转移的迟缓;我国的农村劳动力转移滞后于工业化,转移过程中,农民职业转移与身份改变、地域迁移相分离,分散式的小城镇是转移的主要载体。     

Making innovations work: local government–NGO partnership and collaborative governance in rural Bangladesh

This article reports on a local government–NGO partnership in rural Bangladesh. The findings suggest that BRAC’s Strengthening Local Governance initiative, through partnership with Union Parishads (the lowest tier of the existing local government structure), has been successful in strengthening the governance of Union Parishads by changing the mindsets of Union Parishad officials through building their capacity and mobilising people in the community to become involved in the Union Parishad’s service delivery process. As a result, the service delivery process has been streamlined, corruption reduced, and accountability and transparency increased.     

Challenges and lessons learnt from a sanitation project in rural Bolivia

The University of Arizona chapter of Engineers Without Borders USA has faced multiple challenges involving community participation in rural development, in the Andean community of Marquirivi, Bolivia, both in rural design and in community participation. Despite successful construction of a shower house in 2014, the EWB-USA UA team experience with community participation revealed the numerous complexities involved in engaging successfully with communities. The importance of previous aid in a community with development projects also emerged as critical in shaping actions. This article discusses lessons learnt and recommendations for rural infrastructure projects, as well as the EWB-USA model of sustainable development.     

析东北老工业基地振兴中的政府危机管理——以“哈尔滨停水事件”为中心

在东北老工业基地的振兴中,政府危机管理意识、能力、水平问题直接关系到振兴事业的成败。2005年中国石油吉林石化公司双苯厂(101厂)新苯胺装置发生连续爆炸的事故,不仅使东北国有企业的危机管理能力、意识、责任问题成为关注的焦点,更引发了政府危机管理的论争。“哈尔滨停水事件”是集这次爆炸所引起的生态环境问题、政府危机管理问题、社会舆论问题于一身的典型事例,“哈尔滨停水事件”透视着东北老工业地区潜在的危机隐患,暴露出了政府危机管理机制中存在的一系列问题,因此对强化东北振兴中的政府危机管理意识、提高危机管理能力、完善危机管理体制的途径具有深刻的现实意义。     

Gender,energy, and empowerment: a case study of the Rural Energy Development Program in Nepal

Rural women in general, and mountain women in particular, are greatly involved in managing household energy systems in Nepal. Alternative energy technologies have a high potential to reduce women's workloads and improve their health status, as well as increasing efficient energy supply. Interventions in rural energy are primarily aimed at reducing firewood use and increasing economic growth through rural electrification, rather than aiming to reduce human drudgery, especially that of women. Hence, such intervention takes place without considering the needs, roles, interests, and potential of rural women, even though women are the primary users and managers of rural energy resources. This article aims to analyse the gender implications of rural energy technologies in Kavre district, where the Rural Energy Development Program (REDP) has been implemented, especially in terms of saving women's labour and increasing socio-economic opportunities for women.     

Reproductive health services: “Business-in-a-Box” as a model social innovation

Access to reproductive health services and products in remote and rural communities is a critical area of concern for developing countries. This article considers a pilot intervention in three districts of Pakistan where “Business-in-a-Box” as a model of place-based social innovation is used to improve the socio-economic conditions of women in remote rural settings through socially responsible micro-franchising. It finds that such programmes help build a sense of community, ownership and grassroots capabilities and skills. The article also discusses the impacts of such actions on the individual and community life, and the need to upscale and sustain these initiatives.