国际环境争端解决机制研究

解决和避免国际环境争端已成为近年来备受关注的论题。无论是在1992年联合国环境与发展大会期间还是新近多边环境协定的谈判和实施过程中,国际环境法的遵守问题都引起了各国政府和国际法学者的关注。多边环境条约、联合国海洋法公约以及WTO规则,是国际环境争端解决机制的主要法律渊源。在一定范围内,这些多边条约和条约体系相互影响、相互推动,又相互矛盾和冲突,呈现出国际环境争端解决机制的独特发展形态。     

南海领土争端中的国际法渊源适用探析

南海领土争端主要包括岛礁归属与海域划界两个方面.不同的国际法渊源在南海领土争端的法律适用中具有不同的作用.目前,中国主要倚重以国际习惯为代表的传统国际法规则,周边国家则大多根据《联合国海洋法公约》对抗甚至否认中国对南海岛礁及其附近海域的主权.借助国际法渊源理论,对南海领土争端中可能适用的各种法律渊源加以界定和分类后,可以确定国际条约与国际习惯的适用顺位是问题的核心,而国际习惯在解决南海领土争端问题上的优先地位应予尊重.     

和平利用海洋与海上军事行动

和平利用海洋是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》的主题。《公约》通过限定海洋活动形式、规定海洋争端解决方法以及倡导加强国际合作的方式促进海洋的和平利用。和平利用海洋并不意味着禁止一切海上军事行动,但也确实对海上军事行动构成一定的限制。为实现海洋的和平利用,各国的海上军事行动应符合《联合国宪章》、《公约》和其他国际法规则的规定。此外,加强海上军事互信与安全合作也是解决有关国家海上“安全困境”,维护海洋和平的重要途径。     

北极航道通行中环保限制问题的法律思考

北极航道的开辟使北极航道通行和环境保护的关系成为关注的热点。北极各国复杂的利益争议以及国际统一法律规范的缺失使北极航道沿岸国以环保为由对通行进行限制成为可能。基于此,通过梳理现有的法律治理模式、考量沿岸国进行环境限制的可能模式并进行法律分析,为解决上述问题提供思路。同时建议中国在《极地规则》的制定中强调环保措施与通行权利的平衡,反对北极航道沿岸国以环保为由限制合法的通行要求,反对沿岸国寻求超出《联合国海洋法公约》规定之外的利益。     

海上救助公约的重大发展及其影响

传统的无效果无报酬原则已被各国普遍采用并成为国际海上救助法的基本原则。而1989年国际救助公约确立的无效果无报酬例外原则却引起了海运界和贸易界的极大关注,并对许多国家的海商法产生影响。本文试图就海上救助公约的重大发展、海上救助公约对中英海上救助法、共同海损制度等的重要影响分别予以分析论述,以便我们充分理解和正确适用国际救助公约和我国海上救助法。     

燃油公约背景下的船舶油污损害法律研究

2009年3月9日,《国际船用燃料油污染损害民事责任公约（2001）》正式在中国生效。加上《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》及其1992年议定书,中国已经成为海洋油污损害方面最主要的两个国际性法律文件的缔约国。在公约背景之下,主要涉及的问题包括公约适用条件、责任主体、求偿范围、责任限制,等等。本文通过对比和分析国际公约和中国国内法的具体规则,以期揭示涉外船舶油污损害案件的相关实体法问题,为合理选择国内法和公约提供一定参考。     

200海里以外大陆架法律制度与中国

联合国第三次海洋法会议经过艰苦卓绝的谈判诞生了人类历史上迄今为止最为全面、最为完整的海洋法典——1982年《联合国海洋法公约》。《公约》创设了以第76条和附件二为核心的200海里以外大陆架的法律制度,使沿海国得以在大陆架界限委员会的指导和协助下依据国际法建立范围最大、也是最后的国家管辖海域。地理位置相对不利的中国虽然存在一定的机遇,但来自周边各国的严峻挑战使得中国在东海、南海的200海里以外大陆架的划界异常艰难。中国需要在国家层面从历史性权力和全球战略的视角提出中国未来海洋权益的目标和对策。     

论“二级识别”现象存在的客观性——以《鹿特丹规则》为视角

传统观念认为,识别作为法院进行法律选择适用的前提步骤存在于冲突法中,是适用冲突规范前需要处理的特殊问题。联合国《全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》首次从国际公约的层面对承运人和货物控制方的识别问题进行了统一规定。这说明识别与识别冲突不仅存在于冲突规范的选择适用中,而且存在于准据法的选择适用领域。二级识别现象是客观存在的,应当重视研究二级识别问题。     

论国际环境法的保护对象

随着国际环境法的发展 ,国际环境法的保护对象经历了一个从点到线、由线到面、再从面到立体的发展过程。可持续发展原则在国际环境法上确立后 ,国际环境法保护对象的范围不断扩大 :在人域内 ,从国家的环境资源主权以及相应的财产权扩大到当今世代全世界范围内的穷国、穷人和未来世代及其利益 ;在人域外 ,从珍稀、濒危动植物扩大到自然万物。《联合国气候变化框架公约》是一个很好的例证 ,其保护对象包括两大类 :自然因素的保护对象和社会因素的保护对象。国际环境法保护对象的发展是人类的希望之所在。     

Implementing Global Nature Protection Agreements in Russia

The article discusses Russian implementation of the Ramsar Convention, the World Heritage Convention, CITES and the Convention on Biological Diversity. The country's international obligations are part of Russian law, but little has been done by Russian authorities to implement the agreements on the ground. Compliance with the international agreements is the result of Russian protection measures that exist independently of the conventions. Environmental concerns have been given reduced priority since the early 1990s. An independent environmental protection agency no longer exists, and the number of inspectors has been drastically reduced. Implementation activities are undertaken primarily by international NGOs, and partly by regional authorities.     

The influence of the Regional Coordinating Unit of the Abidjan Convention: implementing multilateral environmental agreements to prevent shipping pollution in West and Central Africa

The Regional Coordinating Unit of the Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment for West and Central Africa (the Abidjan Convention) has under its wings several multilateral environmental agreements including those addressing shipping pollution. Shipping, potentially, has negative impacts on marine fauna and flora and air quality, with implications for public health. The Regional Coordinating Unit seeks to strengthen implementation of the Abidjan Convention by party-states through co-operation with state actors using various pathways based on its internal resources and competencies but the Unit is also starting to explore engagement with potential non-state actors. The ability of the Unit to exert influence on implementation is constrained by domestic politico-administrative institutions. This paper seeks to understand the influence of the Regional Coordinating Unit on the implementation of the Abidjan Convention in the field of shipping pollution. It uses three theoretical perspectives for the analysis: the influence of international environmental bureaucracies, domestic regulatory-politics and transnational governance. The paper shows how these theories are complementary because the influence of international bureaucracies such as the Regional Coordinating Unit cannot be adequately understood through factors internal to their organisation alone but needs to be analysed in relation also to external factors, both domestic politico-institutional ones in states that international bureaucracies work with, and the role of relevant non-state actors in the implementation of multilateral environmental agreements. It is concluded that, although influence cannot be measured directly, it is likely that Regional Coordinating Unit’s influence through its autonomy-centred efforts are quiet strong but negatively constrained by the traditional state-centric responsibility for implementation of international legal instruments where domestic regulatory-politics lack sufficient political will and support from and engagement with non-state actors.     

气候变化的国际法发展:从温室效应理论到《联合国气候变化框架公约》

本文考察了温室效应理论对缔结《联合国气候变化框架公约》的决定性影响 ,并对《联合国气候变化框架公约》的基本法律原则 (规则 )及其对国际环境立法的贡献进行了述评。     

THE RESERVATION OF THE SEAS EXCLUSIVELY FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES

The general principle of the high seas shall be reserved for peaceful purposes is embodied in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and it is comprehensively in conformity with the principles and purposes of the UN Charter. It is also applicable to the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). In exercising their rights and performing their duties under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the States Parties shall refrain from any threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations. It can only be said that “military activities” do not include “law enforcement activities.” Marine scientific research conducted for military purposes is, if contrary to the principles in article 301 of the Convention, forbidden in any part of the oceans.     

我国反酷刑问题成因分析

禁止酷刑行为是当今国际人权标准的重要要求,也是近年来国际社会持续努力的一项共同任务。我国自签订反酷刑公约以来,经过二十多年的努力,反酷刑事业取得了举世瞩目的成就与公认的进步,在国际反酷刑的人权事业中发挥着重要的作用。但由于司法环境的影响、实体法配置的欠缺等因素,致使我国反酷刑工作存在诸多问题。因此,探究我国反酷刑问题的成因对于有针对性地加强反酷刑工作将具有重要的现实意义。     

Investigating the Influence of Non-state Actors on Amendments to the CITES Appendices

Abstract

Non-state actors are playing an increasing role in global environmental governance. Elucidating the modalities and implications of this engagement is important to understanding international policy-making processes. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is the primary mechanism for regulating international wildlife trade. It functions by listing species in its Appendices with corresponding trade controls. Accurately listing species in the Appendices is therefore fundamental to the Convention’s effectiveness. We investigate the influence of non-state actors on amending the CITES Appendices using an established framework for assessing NGO influence in international environmental negotiations. We find that non-state actors have been successful in issue framing and agenda setting, and in influencing the position of other actors and final decisions. We also find evidence that NGOs have sought to abuse CITES in pursuit of “campaign” victories, including claiming unwarranted victories, thus undermining NGO legitimacy and accountability. We recommend that the CITES parties seek the most robust science to inform decision-making on proposed amendments to the appendices, which should be broadened to include socioeconomic and economic considerations in order that proposals are evaluated in their real-world context. We further recommend that NGOs should seek to fully understand decision-making in the Convention in order to maximise their legitimate contribution to CITES. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of non-state actors in CITES.     

CONFLICTS AND HARMONIZATION ON GM FOOD LABELING IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

This article analyzes the conflicts of international law on genetically modified (GM) food labeling and explains possible methods to harmonize these conflicts. One way is to interpret the treaties of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Biodiversity Convention, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ); the other way is to enhance cooperation among international institutions and treaties, such as WTO, Biodiversity Convention, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), International Law Commission (ILC), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). These methods cannot form an international standard on GM food labeling accepted by most countries. The difficulties with this issue concerned illustrate that GM food labeling shows off conflicts between trade law and environmental law, which lead to legal chaos that is faced with uncertainty of technology, fragmentation of international law and diversity of domestic law, and complexity of national interests on environmental labeling and process labeling.     

Military spending,liberal institutions and state compliance with international environmental agreements

The current paper examines the dynamics of state security behavior and international environmental protection. In particular, the study provides a liberal institutional approach in identifying a “guns and butter” relationship between military spending and state participation with international environmental agreements. This cross-national study employs both bivariate and multivariate regression models to analyze the relationship between military expenditures and state participation with international environmental agreements, particularly examining the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The empirics of the study suggest that states with higher military expenditures as a percent of GDP are less likely to comply with international environmental agreements. Theoretical and empirical implications are presented in the conclusion section.     

论中国对专属经济区内他国军事活动的法律立场——以“无暇号”事件为视角

沿海国在专属经济区内是否享有对外国军事活动的管辖权一直以来都存在争议,美国的无暇号海洋测量船闯入中国专属经济区这一事件更引起了中美两国的外交争端。沿海国在专属经济区内享有安全利益,未经沿海国的许可,他国不得借军事测量为名在沿海国的专属经济区内从事危害其国家安全的活动。这种军事测量活动不仅与《联合国海洋法公约》中和平利用海洋的宗旨相悖,而且也不在海洋自由之列,中国可以对此进行必要的拦截。     

论国际航空私法条约适用的强制性

条约的适用是国际法上一个重大的理论问题,也是国内法院在司法审判中必须面对的实践问题。1929年《华沙公约》建立了强制性适用原则,只要是公约定义的国际运输,必须适用公约。这一原则被其后包括1999年《蒙特利尔公约》在内的国际航空私法条约予以继承和保留,成为国际航空私法条约的鲜明特色。以《华沙公约》为代表的国际航空私法条约,其适用并未完全遵循国际法传统的条约适用理论,当事人国籍国是否批准条约并不是适用的前提条件,而是取决于航空运输合同所确定的始发地点和目的地点所在的国家是不是公约的缔约国或当事国,并以此为基础,建立起国际航空私法条约自身不同于其他国际法条约的适用理论和规则体系。"地点标准"是《华沙公约》适用的核心标准,其在一定程度上突破了条约适用的一般理论,是对条约适用一般理论的发展,是条约适用上的重要创新。司法实践中,应抛弃固有思维,从条约文本规定出发,才可避免法律适用上的错误。     

中国国际海底区域开发立法探析

"区域"开发对国家具有重要的战略意义,但我国缺乏调整"区域"开发的国内立法。法律的缺失于我国"区域"开发的发展不利,也无助于我国在国际海底管理局及有关规章的制定中发挥更大作用,更有可能引发国家责任。以《联合国海洋法公约》为主体的"区域"法律制度,为我国"区域"开发立法提供了法律依据,也为我国"区域"开发立法应遵循的原则提供了指引。采用专门立法来调整"区域"内的活动是国际上通行的模式,也更加符合我国的实际情况,因而应为我国所采纳,以推动我国履行该《公约》赋予的义务,提升我国在"区域"国际法规则制定中的话语权,规范我国在"区域"内的活动,维护与拓展我国在"区域"的利益。