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1.
Organised crime is the topic of many popular fiction teledramas and films, such as The Sopranos, The Godfather and Goodfellas. The relationship between fiction and fact is delicate. We argue that the same can be said for the influence of the press. How far does the press construct, rather than objectively recount an image of organised crime? We extracted 389 British and German articles from national newspapers that reported organised crime between 1999 and 2009, from the Lexis Nexis (now Nexis UK) database and the online archives of a number of German newspapers. We then analysed them using quantitative and qualitative methods of textual analysis. In this article, we analyse the British and German press discourses on organised crime between 1999 and 2009, to identify their rhetoric and compare their reporting. To do this, we will 1) define terms and explain our methodology; 2) provide a general overview of statistics; 3) provide two specific analyses of reporting of organised crime and 4) discuss our findings. 相似文献
2.
This article considers how information and communications technologies (ICT) can be used by organised crime groups to infringe
legal and regulatory controls. Three categories of groups are identified: traditional organised criminal groups which make
use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial criminal activities; organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online;
and organised groups of ideologically and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal
conduct. The activities of each group are then assessed in relation to five areas of risk: the use of online payment systems,
online auctions, online gaming, social networking sites and blogs. It is concluded that the distinction between traditional
organised crime groups and the other two groups—cybercriminal groups and ideologically/politically motivated cyber groups—is
converging, with financially-motivated attacks becoming more targeted. Legislation will need to adapt to deal with new technological
developments and threats that organised criminals seek to exploit.
相似文献
Russell G. SmithEmail: |
3.
《Global Crime》2013,14(1):70-83
Recent developments in East Central Europe have made countries in the region increasingly attractive to organised crime. The development of organised crime in ECE is seen as a significant problem with global implications. The roots of organised crime in ECE date back to the 1970s, but conditions after the revolutions of 1989 led to an influx of foreign-based gangs into the region. This has resulted in the emergence of organised crime that is predominantly international in character. Gangs have established strategic alliances to organise operations spanning three continents. The countries of ECE have been fighting back against organised crime and significant advances have been made. Continued criminal operations through the region, however, are perceived as a threat on a global scale. The accession of the Czech republic, Hungary and Poland into the EU in May 2004 will provide a clear litmus test for how successful these attempts have been to date. 相似文献
4.
Glen Wright 《Trends in Organized Crime》2011,14(4):332-346
To date, transnational environmental crime has been poorly attended to by the transnational organised crime and transnational
policing discourse. Academics have focused on individual elements of environmental crime, neglecting a broader theoretical
discussion, while national and international institutions have prioritised other forms of organised crime, giving little thought
to the nuanced nature of transnational environmental crime and how this should be reflected in policing and countermeasures.
This paper attempts to rectify this by conceptualising transnational environmental crime and suggesting ways forward for countermeasure
development. The paper will begin by looking at the problem of environmental crime, its value, scope and effects, concluding
that the damaging nature of transnational environmental crime demands a greater focus on its policing. The nature of transnational
environmental crime will then be discussed by reference to traditional forms of organised crime. It will be argued that, while
transnational environmental crime is a form of organised crime, and has some features in common with the traditional organised
crimes, such as drug smuggling and people trafficking, it is the substantial differences that should guide the approach to
developing countermeasures. The development of effective countermeasures, it is concluded, requires a significant change in
policy at every level. 相似文献
5.
《Global Crime》2013,14(1):52-60
To some writers and commentators, fully fledged organised cybercrime is currently emerging. Law enforcement spokesmen and Internet security firms have even made comparisons between the structure of cybercriminal enterprises and organisations like La Cosa Nostra. But, in reality, conventional criminal labels applied to cybercrime are themselves often poorly understood by those who employ them. The purpose of this research note is to apply scholarly rigor to the question of whether profit-driven cybercrime can fit underneath formal definitions of organised crime and mafias. It proceeds in three sections: the first section outlines academic definitions of organised crime, mafias and cybercrime; the second section assesses whether online cybercriminal trading forums, perhaps the most visible and documented examples of cybercriminal organisation, might constitute mafias as some contend; the third section briefly discusses some other less documented examples of ‘organised’ cybercrime and assesses the broader possibility of online groups being classified as organised crime groups. 相似文献
6.
《Global Crime》2013,14(2):69-89
ABSTRACTOutlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) are identified in Australia and internationally as being heavily involved in organised crime and/or as being criminal organisations. However, academic studies have shown that OMCG members are involved in organised crime to varying extents; this differs between clubs and across jurisdictions. To date, Australian studies of OMCGs are rare. Despite this, Australian governments target OMCGs as key players in organised crime. This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing OMCGs’ criminality in one Australian jurisdiction – Queensland. It draws on rich qualitative data to determine whether and to what extent Queensland’s OMCGs are involved in serious crime, organised crime and/or are operating as criminal organisations. The study finds that Queensland’s OMCG members participate in serious crime at a higher rate than the general public, but that there are few examples of organised crime. There is little to no evidence of OMCGs acting as criminal organisations. 相似文献
7.
《Global Crime》2013,14(1):8-18
The Italian-American mafia is one of the most enduring images of organised crime, but separating fictional images of organised crime from the real thing has not been easy. Overall, organised crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials. The past 20 years have seen a decline in the influence of Italian-American organised crime in the US, but this has been offset by the rise of other forms of organised crime, not least groups from the former USSR. Meanwhile, the Canadian underworld is dominated by Asian groups, East European groups, Italian groups, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The major organised crime groups in Mexico are extended networks composed of Mexican nationals living in Mexico, Mexican-Americans, and Mexican immigrants living in the United States, operating as competing networks in the illicit drug business from supply, to transit, to destination and buyers. 相似文献
8.
This paper provides an introduction to the articles and report excerpt submitted to the special issue of Trends in Organized Crime on ‘Organised crime and illegal markets in the UK and Ireland’. The aim of the special issue is to draw together empirical research findings and theoretical accounts on various manifestations of organised crime in the particular geographic context(s), the evolution of organised crime, the links between organised crime, the legal sphere and paramilitary groups, as well as an account of the demographic profile and attitudes of citizens in areas in which organised crime groups thrive. 相似文献
9.
In 2002, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) issued a report entitled Results of a pilot survey of forty selected organized criminal groups in sixteen countries which established five models of organised crime. This paper reviews these and other common organised crime models and drug trafficking models, and applies them to cases of South East Asian drug trafficking in the Australian state of Queensland. The study tests the following hypotheses: (1) South-East Asian drug trafficking groups in Queensland will operate within a criminal network or core group; (2) Wholesale drug distributors in Queensland will not fit consistently under any particular UN organised crime model; and (3) Street dealers will have no organisational structure. The study concluded that drug trafficking or importation closely resembles a criminal network or core group structure. Wholesale dealers did not fit consistently into any UN organised crime model. Street dealers had no organisational structure as an organisational structure is typically found in mid- to high-level drug trafficking. 相似文献
10.
《Global Crime》2013,14(3):198-220
The economic analysis of organised crime suggests that some economic activities are particularly vulnerable to penetration by criminal organisations. This paper provides an analysis of the structure of the Sicilian economy and shows that, when compared with other Italian regions, it is characterised by a disproportionate presence of such activities. In particular, the economy of Sicily appears characterised by: (i) a large dimension of traditional sectors, such as the Construction sector, which also has a strong territorial specificity; (ii) a large presence of small firms; (iii) a low level of technology; (iii) a large public sector. The joint presence of these features creates fertile soil for the typical activities of organised crime, such as extortion and cartel enforcement. Hence, we propose an alternative explanation of the persistence of organised crime with respect to explanations based on cultural and social factors. 相似文献
11.
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(3):270-295
Three categories of organised groups that exploit advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) to infringe
legal and regulatory controls: (1) traditional organised criminal groups which make use of ICT to enhance their terrestrial
criminal activities; (2) organised cybercriminal groups which operate exclusively online; and (3) organised groups of ideologically
and politically motivated individuals who make use of ICT to facilitate their criminal conduct are described in this article.
The need for law enforcement to have in-depth knowledge of computer forensic principles, guidelines, procedures, tools, and
techniques, as well as anti-forensic tools and techniques will become more pronounced with the increased likelihood of digital
content being a source of disputes or forming part of underlying evidence to support or refute a dispute in judicial proceedings.
There is also a need for new strategies of response and further research on analysing organised criminal activities in cyberspace.
相似文献
Kim-Kwang Raymond ChooEmail: |
12.
The Scary World of Online News? Internet News Exposure and Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Justice
Sean Patrick Roche Justin T. Pickett Marc Gertz 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2016,32(2):215-236
Objectives
A substantial body of literature indicates that certain forms of media consumption may increase anxiety about crime and support for social controls. However, few studies have examined whether Internet news consumption is positively associated with such attitudes. The void is significant given the public’s increasing use of online news sources. This study addresses this research gap.Methods
We draw on data from four national surveys conducted between 2007 and 2013, which collectively include interviews with more than 13,000 Americans. Using OLS and logistic regression, we assess the relationships between exposure to traditional and online media and perceptions of victimization risk, support for punitive crime policies, and views about police powers.Results
Consistent with prior work, we find positive relationships between exposure to traditional forms of media—television news and crime programming—and anxiety about victimization and support for harsh crime policies. In contrast, Internet news exposure is generally not associated with anxieties about crime or support for getting tough on criminals. However, there is evidence of an interactive relationship between political ideology and Internet news exposure.Conclusions
The results provide little support for cultivation theory in the context of Internet news consumption. We discuss the import of our findings, and suggest new lines of research to explore the correlates and the effects of exposure to online news sources.13.
Peter Johnstone 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1998,30(2):107-130
This article traces the development of fraud throughout history and the establishment of a class of criminal activity committed
by members of the business community. There have been a number of attempts to legislate against white collar crime as a specific
offence and these efforts have thrown up many definitional problems. The historical development of crimes committed by the
business community is investigated within the context of the different approaches formulated in England & Wales and France,
this leads into discussion of the possibility that in future there may be a fusion of organised crime and white collar crime
in a global context. Many commentators and government agencies believe there is an expansion of the network of organised crime
into the business environment and there is a danger that in attempting to overcome legal and socio-legal terminology active
deterrence and prosecution is delayed. The issue of competing themes and meanings are explored and the conclusion identifies
the controversies that continue to surround this subject and proposes a definition of white collar crime for international
application.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Alice Hutchings 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2014,62(1):1-20
This paper examines a predominantly Australian sample of computer crime offenders involved in fraud and/or unauthorised access. This paper focuses on the extent to which offenders are involved in organised crime, the nature of the relationship between co-offending, initiation and knowledge transmission, and how the online environment facilitates organised crime and co-offending. This qualitative analysis draws from interviews with self-identified offenders, law enforcement officers who investigate these offenses, and court documents, providing a unique understanding of organised crime involving computer systems. 相似文献
15.
Vincenzo Ruggiero 《Trends in Organized Crime》2010,13(1):46-59
Social and institutional alarm around crime and violence within South-Asian communities in the UK has grown substantially
over the last 10 years. Whether based on imagined threats and moral panics or on realistic observation of facts, such alarm
focuses on drug use, related property crime, gang violence, and ultimately on new forms of organised criminality emerging
among Pakistanis, Indians or Sri Lankans. This paper sets the scene by examining this imaginary or realistic alarm, to then
offer an overview of studies around South Asian drug use and crime. Subsequently, it presents a number of organised crime
models which have taken shape within the communities under examination. Finally, it looks at more recent developments, namely
at the changes in organised drug supply determined by specific law enforcement choices and by the general political climate
in which such choices are made. The case discussed in this paper shows how the features of illicit markets and the characteristics
of the criminal enterprises operating in them may be the unintended consequences of specific social and institutional responses
to social problems. 相似文献
16.
《Global Crime》2013,14(2):201-221
This paper analyzes the dynamics of organised crime in post-socialist Lithuania. Three overlapping periods in evolution of organised crime are discerned. During the mid 1980s organised crime emerged with the attempts to liberalise the state socialism by legalizing cooperative and individual property as a basis for economic activities. By the early 1990s organised crime in Lithuania began to metamorphose from illegal manufacturing to opportunistic criminality associated with the privatisation of state property. Since the mid 1990s organised crime has again undergone change. It has entered what could be termed a maturation phase. This maturation was influenced by a number of factors including; the end of the privatization process, resumed growth of the economy, development of the legal and fiscal infrastructure to regulate a market economy, and increasing effectiveness and successes of policing in Lithuania [1]. In this article the political, socio-economic, organisational and cultural factors that influenced the dynamics of change in organised crime are analyzed. 相似文献
17.
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2009,4(1):11-30
Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) have had, and will continue to have, wide-ranging influences
on how the banking and finance industry operates. Making payments and transmitting money electronically or online are increasingly
popular. An increased dependence on global electronic payment systems and the ability to move large amounts of money expeditiously
across different jurisdiction, however, expose both payment processing companies and consumers to an evolving spectrum of
threats such as fraud and money laundering. This article considers ways in which prepaid cards can be exploited by organised
criminals and terrorists to launder their illicit proceeds of crime, and to transfer money anonymously and instantaneously
over the globe for use by terrorist organisations. Risks identified in this article include recruiting card mules (e.g. international
students) to purchase prepaid cards, and the mailing or shipping of prepaid cards out of the country without regulators being
aware. To minimise risks of abuse by organised criminals and terrorists, legislation will need to adapt to deal with threats
that organised criminals and terrorists seek to exploit. Future directions for research in relation to prepaid cards are also
identified.
相似文献
Kim-Kwang Raymond ChooEmail: |
18.
Hollianne Marshall 《Global Crime》2016,17(2):202-220
This paper examines the influence of traditional organised crime on informal social control in community areas that once had a presence of organised crime while controlling for neighbourhood attachment, satisfaction with the police, social and organisational ties, and tolerance of deviance. The data comes from the Community Survey of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. The comparative quantitative method was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that neighbourhoods with an historic reputation for organised crime can report higher levels of informal social control when compared to current racket areas in the city of Chicago. These findings have important implications for the study of deviance. Not only do they suggest that criminals can play an important role in controlling street crime, the findings also suggest that this public reputation remains long after organised crime activities have ceased in the area. 相似文献
19.
Andries Johannes Zoutendijk 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,54(1):63-86
Since the beginning of the 21st century, several national and international government agencies have initiated organised crime
threat assessments. Additionally, a few scholars have published methods to assess the risks and threats of organised crime.
These governmental bodies and scholars claim that their reports and methods can demonstrate that certain forms of organised
crime are more threatening than others and thus help policy-makers set strategic priorities. In this article I discuss these
claims by examining the reliability and validity of the operational definitions of the key concepts used, such as organised
crime, threat and risk. This examination reveals that most reports and methods provide insufficient detail—and sometimes even
no details at all—to guarantee the reliability and validity of their operational definitions. The search for validity is made
particularly difficult by the ambiguity surrounding the concepts of organised crime, threat and risk, while the concept of
cost is less problematic. Moreover, establishing what constitutes a threat is at its core a normative decision that cannot
be left to intelligence analysts or scientists alone. The challenge ahead lies in acknowledging the normative framework of
organised crime threat assessments and within that framework maximising the reliability and validity of the operational definitions
of key concepts and related measuring instruments. 相似文献
20.
Jana Arsovska 《Trends in Organized Crime》2008,11(1):42-58
Organised crime, due to its intricate nature, is a very challenging as well as less accessible research field. Although difficult
to conduct a methodical research on this topic, organised crime, nevertheless, offers a unique opportunity to utilise an interdisciplinary
research methodology. This paper describes (multiple) triangulation as an appropriate method for researching the role of culture
in the advancement of ethnic Albanian organised crime groups in Europe. Triangulation, for the purpose of the described project,
has been used to obtain confirmation of findings through convergence of different perspectives. Interviewing offenders is
one of the research methods more thoroughly explained in this paper. The paper too explores some advantages of snowball technique
used for interviewing less accessible research subjects. It also discusses various dilemmas, security-related or not, researchers
are faced with when intending to interview serious offenders.
相似文献
Jana ArsovskaEmail: |